基于GIS的喀斯特地区耕地适宜性评价与可持续发展:以贵州省普安县石古河小流域为例

为喀斯特地区耕地的开发和管理提供依据,以贵州省普安县石古河小流域为例,选择有机质含量、土壤质地、石漠化等级、土层厚度、坡度、坡向、灌溉条件、降水量和海拔等指标为参评因子,采用GIS与加权指数法结合的耕地适宜性评价模型,对该研究区的耕地适宜性与可持续发展进行了评价和研究。结果表明:区域内高度适宜耕地283.55hm2,占耕地面积的24.60%;边际适宜耕地和不适宜耕地占耕地面积的50.07%。耕地质量差,数量少,多表现为有机质含量低,坡度大,土层薄,裸岩比例高,土壤侵蚀重。     

基于PLC的茶叶装箱机组控制系统改造

采用三菱公司的FX1N-60MR型PLC进行改造茶叶装箱机组控制系统,根据茶叶装箱机组的加工工艺和工作原理,设置PLC的I/0地址,设计外部设备接线,根据原理、控制要求和特点,设计系统梯形图,连接外部设备进行调试运行,达到系统改造的要求。     

Evaluation of T2‐weighted versus short‐tau inversion recovery sagittal sequences in the identification and localization of canine intervertebral disc extrusion with low‐field magnetic resonance imaging

Sagittal T2‐weighted sequences (T2‐SAG) are the foundation of spinal protocols when screening for the presence of intervertebral disc extrusion. We often utilize sagittal short‐tau inversion recovery sequences (STIR‐SAG) as an adjunctive screening series, and experience suggests that this combined approach provides superior detection rates. We hypothesized that STIR‐SAG would provide higher sensitivity than T2‐SAG in the identification and localization of intervertebral disc extrusion. We further hypothesized that the parallel evaluation of paired T2‐SAG and STIR‐SAG series would provide a higher sensitivity than could be achieved with either independent sagittal series when viewed in isolation. This retrospective diagnostic accuracy study blindly reviewed T2‐SAG and STIR‐SAG sequences from dogs (n = 110) with surgically confirmed intervertebral disc extrusion. A consensus between two radiologists found no significant difference in sensitivity between T2‐SAG and STIR‐SAG during the identification of intervertebral disc extrusion (T2‐SAG: 92.7%, STIR‐SAG: 94.5%, P = 0.752). Nevertheless, STIR‐SAG accurately identified intervertebral disc extrusion in 66.7% of cases where the evaluation of T2‐SAG in isolation had provided a false negative diagnosis. Additionally, one radiologist found that the parallel evaluation of paired T2‐SAG and STIR‐SAG series provided a significantly higher sensitivity than T2‐SAG in isolation, during the identification of intervertebral disc extrusion (T2‐SAG: 78.2%, paired T2‐SAG, and STIR‐SAG: 90.9%, P = 0.017). A similar nonsignificant trend was observed when the consensus of both radiologists was taken into consideration (T2‐SAG: 92.7%, paired T2‐SAG, and STIR‐SAG = 97.3%, P = 0.392). We therefore conclude that STIR‐SAG is capable of identifying intervertebral disc extrusion that is inconspicuous in T2‐SAG, and that STIR‐SAG should be considered a useful adjunctive sequence during preliminary sagittal screening for intervertebral disc extrusion in low‐field magnetic resonance.     

Comparisons among MRI signs,apparent diffusion coefficient,and fractional anisotropy in dogs with a solitary intracranial meningioma or histiocytic sarcoma

Although MRI has become widely used in small animal practice, little is known about the validity of advanced MRI techniques such as diffusion‐weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. The aim of this retrospective analytical observational study was to investigate the characteristics of diffusion parameters, that is the apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy, in dogs with a solitary intracranial meningioma or histiocytic sarcoma. Dogs were included based on the performance of diffusion MRI and histological confirmation. Statistical analyses were performed to compare apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy for the two types of tumor in the intra‐ and peritumoral regions. Eleven cases with meningioma and six with histiocytic sarcoma satisfied the inclusion criteria. Significant differences in apparent diffusion coefficient value (× 10^?3 mm²/s) between meningioma vs. histiocytic sarcoma were recognized in intratumoral small (1.07 vs. 0.76) and large (1.04 vs. 0.77) regions of interest, in the peritumoral margin (0.93 vs. 1.08), and in the T2 high region (1.21 vs. 1.41). Significant differences in fractional anisotropy values were found in the peritumoral margin (0.29 vs. 0.24) and the T2 high region (0.24 vs. 0.17). The current study identified differences in measurements of apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy for meningioma and histiocytic sarcoma in a small sample of dogs. In addition, we observed that all cases of intracranial histiocytic sarcoma showed leptomeningeal enhancement and/or mass formation invading into the sulci in the contrast study. Future studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of these imaging characteristics for differentiating between these tumor types.     

基于克里金插值的耕地表层土壤有机质空间预测

基于环境变量与耕地表层土壤有机质的相关分析,分别采用普通克里金(OK)、逐步回归克里金(SWRK)和地理加权回归克里金(GWRK),对吉林省扶余市耕地表层土壤有机质进行了空间预测。结果表明:扶余市耕地表层土壤有机质分布存在中等空间自相关性,受资源开发、耕作方式等随机因素影响较小;受曲率和植被长势影响大,受一阶微观地形、复合宏观地形及汇流和沉积物运移影响小;在海拔高、植被少且土壤水分不足的阳面通风山丘区含量低;空间分布以西南部为低值中心向四周升高,高值区出现在东部边界。GWRK中环境变量参与了局部回归,其模拟精度最高且揭示了更多空间变化细节。本研究的结果可为较大空间尺度的耕地表层土壤有机质空间变异与预测研究提供可靠的方法借鉴。     

基于“三生空间”协调的农村居民点布局优化研究

开展农村居民点布局优化研究,对集约利用土地资源、重塑村落景观格局具有重要的现实意义。选取典型丘陵区重庆市荣昌区河包镇为研究区,以农村居民点“共生斑块”为研究单元,基于“三生空间”协调理念,研究了农村居民点布局优化的策略和方向。结果表明:（1）基于共生关系建立农村居民点“共生斑块”更加符合丘陵区的实际情况。将研究区相距50 m以内的农村居民点斑块进行合并处理后,其数量由2 584个减少到1 047个,实现了具有共生关系的农村居民点斑块一体化。（2）依据“三生空间”协调理念,对农村居民点“共生斑块”等级进行评价,其在空间上呈现出由内向外的差序格局,根据斑块等级、斑块规模、三生空间协调度、城镇规划,采取“城镇化、重点建设、规模管控、迁移合并”的差异化布局优化策略。（3）将重点建设型居民点中的优势斑块作为发生元,生成加权Voronoi图,可指导全镇农村居民点空间格局趋于合理化。研究认为,“三生空间”协调理念与空间分析工具的有机结合,既完成了农村居民点布局优化,又维持了其空间结构的稳定,有助于实现乡村转型与乡土文化传承。     

基于不同地表曲面模型预测土壤有机碳含量

Local terrain attributes,which are derived directly from the digital elevation model,have been widely applied in digital soil mapping.This study aimed to evaluate the mapping accuracy of soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in 2 zones of the Heihe River in China,by combining prediction methods with local terrain attributes derived from different polynomial models.The prediction accuracy was used as a benchmark for those who may be more concerned with how accurately the variability of soil properties is modeled in practice,rather than how morphometric variables and their geomorphologic interpretations are understood and calculated.In this study,2 neighborhood types (square and circular) and 6 representative algorithms (Evans-Young,Horn,Zevenbergen-Thorne,Shary,Shi,and Florinsky algorithms) were applied.In general,35 combinations of first-and second-order derivatives were produced as candidate predictors for soil mapping using two mapping methods (i.e.,kriging with an external drift and geographically weighted regression).The results showed that appropriate local terrain attribute algorithms could better capture the spatial variation of SOC concentration in a region where soil properties are strongly influenced by the topography.Among the different combinations of first-and second-order derivatives used,there was a best combination with a more accurate estimate.For different prediction methods,the relative improvement in the two zones varied between 0.30％ and 9.68％.The SOC maps resulting from the higher-order algorithms (Zevenbergen-Thorne and Florinsky) yielded less interpolation errors.Therefore,it was concluded that the performance of predictive methods,which incorporated auxiliary variables,could be improved by attempting different terrain analysis algorithms.     

农药装盒机说明书的输送机构虚拟装配设计与研究

通过对农药装盒机说明书输送机构组成零件的分析,运用Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire3.0系统进行三维建模、虚拟装配,在装配过程中对之前所设计零件出现不合理的地方进行修改,使其满足所要设计的功能要求。最后生成爆炸图,使其能清楚地看到该装置的内部结构,为实际装配操作做好准备,大大地提高了农药装盒机设计和制造的效率。     

近50年柴达木盆地气候要素分布特征及变化趋势分析

用线性估计方法和反距离权重方法对柴达木盆地9个气象站点1958-2007年气温、降水、日照和风速的分布特征和变化趋势进行分析,结果表明:柴达木盆地近50年气温随时间变化呈显著上升趋势,空间分布总体上呈现从南向北递减的趋势,变化趋势为东北部、东南部上升趋势最小,西部、西南部上升幅度最大;多年平均降水量呈微弱上升趋势,空间分布规律从东向西逐渐减少,变化趋势表现为大部分地区降水呈增加趋势,以东部和中部最为明显;年日照时数表现为明显的下降趋势,空间分布从西北向东南少,变化趋势大致从东部向西北方向减少;年平均风速呈明显的下降趋势,空间分布从西向东逐渐降低,变化趋势大部分地区呈减少趋势,大致从中部向东西两侧增加;近50年来柴达木盆地气候总体上呈现暖湿趋势,以东南部最为明显;中部和西部极端干旱地区,由于日照时数和风速的下降,使沙尘暴日数减少,植被有所恢复,生态环境将得到改善。     

荧光相图法研究溶菌酶在盐酸胍溶液中的变性

采用荧光相图法分析盐酸胍诱导溶菌酶变性的荧光数据,建立溶菌酶在盐酸胍溶液中失活的变性模型。结果表明,盐酸胍浓度从0.5mol/L变化至3.0mol/L时,溶菌酶从天然态转变为部分折叠中间态,盐酸胍浓度从3.0mol/L变化至6.0mol/L时,溶菌酶从中间态转变为去折叠态。说明盐酸胍诱导溶菌酶变性的过程符合典型的＂三态模型＂。