南京市雨花台风景名胜区植物群落样地调查研究

对江苏省南京市雨花台风景名胜区内的植物群落进行实地调查研究,研究选取14块典型的植物群落样地,通过对样地中的植物种类、乔灌木层的结构特征、植物的生态特性等进行详细分析,对雨花台风景区的植物群落现状做出合理的评价,同时利用Shannon—Wiener多样性指数,比较不同片层的物种多样性。     

留守儿童希望感、心理韧性特点及关系

留守儿童的心理品质正在吸引研究者的关注。本研究发现,留守男童的希望感、心理韧性显著高于留守女童;母亲外出的留守儿童比父亲外出的留守儿童希望感高,父母都外出的留守儿童心理韧性显著高于父亲外出的留守儿童;学习成绩优异的留守儿童希望感、心理韧性显著高于成绩差的留守儿童;留守儿童的希望感、心理韧性总体随年级增高而降低;父亲或爷爷照看的留守儿童希望感、心理韧性显著高于母亲、奶奶、外公外婆照看、社会托管的留守儿童;留守儿童希望感与心理韧性呈显著正相关。     

基于颜色和纹理特征的玉米旱情统计判别模型

利用颜色和纹理特征判定玉米植株干旱程度是玉米旱情监测识别的新途径,良好的统计判别模型构建方法对实现这一新途径意义重大。采集了玉米出苗-拔节、拔节-抽雄、抽雄-成熟3个生长发育阶段适宜、轻旱、中旱、重旱、特旱5个干旱程度的玉米植株图像,用MATLAB软件从图像中提取玉米植株的颜色和纹理特征数据,以SPSS软件对特征数据的训练集进行Fisher逐步判别分析,获得Fisher判别函数组,结合曼哈顿距离判别规则,建立了玉米出苗-拔节、拔节-抽雄、抽雄-成熟3个生长发育阶段的正视面、俯视面和侧视面共9个单视角统计判别模型,并将每个生长发育阶段的单视角统计判别模型联合构建为三维统计判别模型。玉米3个生长发育阶段的所有单视角判别模型在训练和测试时的平均判别准确率无显著差异,所有正视面和侧视面单视角统计判别模型训练和测试时的平均判别准确率均在90%以上,判别玉米不同干旱程度的准确率差异性小,所有俯视面单视角统计判别模型训练、测试时的平均判别准确率均低于85%,且判别玉米不同干旱程度的准确率差异性较大。玉米3个生长发育阶段的三维统计判别模型的训练和测试平均判别准确率在97%以上,且判别玉米不同干旱程度的差异性较小。玉米3个生长发育阶段的单视角统计判模型中,侧视面统计判别模型的判别效果最好,正视面统计判别模型次之,俯视面统计判别模型的判别效果相对较差,每个生长发育阶段的三维统计判别模型的判别效果均比单视角统计判模型好。     

魔芋胶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性和保水特性的调控机制:基于相分离行为和水相稳定

【目的】研究魔芋胶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白微观结构和相分离结构的影响,进而阐释魔芋胶对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性和保水特性的调控机制,为魔芋胶在低脂香肠中的应用提供理论支撑。【方法】试验以添加不同比例魔芋胶-肌原纤维蛋白为模拟体系,测定模拟体系的质构和发生断裂形变时的应力应变、复合凝胶的水分分布和持水力,观察魔芋胶和肌原纤维蛋白的相分离行为以及肌原纤维蛋白凝胶网络的微观结构。【结果】当魔芋胶的添加比例<0.8%时,随着添加比例的提高,复合蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度、储能模量终值和发生断裂形变时的应力分别显著提高到179.21 g、1 192 Pa和9 139.37 Pa(P<0.05)。当魔芋胶添加比例≥0.8%时,随着添加比例的提高,复合蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度、储能模量、断裂形变时的应力和应变分别显著降至83.03 g、566 Pa、4 964.07 Pa和0.64(P<0.05)。低场核磁结果显示在魔芋胶添加比例<0.8%时,复合凝胶体系不易流动水的弛豫时间和自由水所占百分比随添加比例的提高显著降低（P<0.05）,而不易流动水所占百分比显著提高（P<0.05）,同时复...     

木纳格葡萄种子发育过程中生理生化指标变化特性

【目的】分析与白木纳格葡萄败育相关的生理生化指标。【方法】以红木纳格葡萄种子、白木纳格葡萄正常发育种子和败育种子作为研究对象,研究2种葡萄的果实及种子生长发育过程中的大小外观指标、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性及CAT活性6种生理指标,研究白木纳格葡萄种子败育的时期及相关影响因子。【结果】白木纳格葡萄的种子败育表现在43d前已经出现,可溶性蛋白含量与种子败育呈显著负相关,可溶性糖含量、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性及CAT活性与种子败育相关性未达到显著水平。【结论】白木纳格葡萄种子的败育时期在盛花后37～43 d,可溶性蛋白含量是影响木纳格葡萄种子发育的主要理化指标。     

玉米秸秆生物质炭基肥的结构与性质表征

为了解玉米秸秆生物质炭基肥的结构与性质,通过实验室自制玉米秸秆生物质炭基化肥,研究生物质炭添加量对炭基肥的形貌特征、pH、表面官能团种类和元素组分的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆生物质炭具有丰富的孔隙结构,化学肥料添加量越大,结构表面无序化程度越高;总孔容和平均孔径的变异范围分别为2.1～3.3 cm3/kg和2.7～3.2 nm,平均为2.8 cm3/kg和2.9 nm。生物质炭化后,C-O-C、-COOH、-CH3、-CH2消失,化学肥料并不影响生物质炭缓释载体原有的分子结构,只是影响其元素含量。与未加化肥的生物质炭对照相比,炭基肥中C、H元素含量降低,而N、O元素含量升高,变幅分别为47.7%～68.4%、20.2%～28.2%、59.5%～82.6%和164.0%～228.8%,平均为59.4%、24.1%、71.9%和196.5%;而元素组分的H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C都有所增大。总之,化学肥料存在于生物质炭表面和孔隙之中,其添加并未改变生物质炭的骨架结构和官能团种类,而元素组分含量和原子比(H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C)的改变将可能更有利于增强生物质炭基肥的保水与吸附性能。     

基于无人机遥感影像的覆膜农田面积及分布提取方法

针对基于无人机遥感的覆膜农田识别研究甚少的现状,该文以云南省昭通市鲁甸县为研究区,获取了研究区中地表类型复杂程度不同的2幅航空影像(复杂区影像和简单区影像)作为试验数据,利用灰度共生矩阵对原始航片影像进行纹理特征提取并选择纹理特征最佳提取参数;然后基于随机森林算法进行纹理特征重要性评价,优选纹理特征,结合原始数据进行最大似然初步分类;运用众数分析进行分类后处理;最后结合图像形态学算法与面积阈值分割法提取出了最终的覆膜农田面积及分布。通过试验结果发现,依据该文提出的方法,复杂区和简单区覆膜农田识别的总体精度、Kappa系数、产品精度、用户精度和面积误差分别达到了94.84%、0.89、92.48%、93.39%、0.38%和96.74%、0.93、97.39%、94.63%、1.95%。该文提出的融合监督分类和图像形态学算法的覆膜农田提取方法可以简单、快速的将地膜连成块,形成覆膜农田对象,进而通过面积阈值分割法获取高精度的覆膜农田分布信息。该方法可以为精准覆膜农田识别算法的发展提供参考。     

Gully and sheet erosion on subtropical mountain slopes: Their respective roles and the scale effect

As most mountains in tropical and subtropical zones, the Western Sierra Madre suffers active present erosion, which may create some constraints to the social and economic development in the area.The objectives of this study of soil degradation in the Western Sierra Madre, are to determine the respective roles of gully and sheet erosion. This research is based on field observations, field measurements of runoff and, soil losses at the plot, as well as the watershed scales as an analysis of an exhaustive census of the few gullies located in an experimental area.Measured soil losses in the Western Sierra Madre are high although there are few gullies. Most of the sediment yield seems to originate in widespread degraded areas where stoniness is the main evidence of a previous stage of erosion. Previously overgrazing and deforestation were determined as the factors of the appearance of new soil surface characteristics which explain the high runoff and sediment productions. The soil compacted by cattle trampling reduces infiltration. The decrease of the vegetation cover triggers a rise in the splash effect and thus, a soil sealing.These processes induce an increase in runoff and soil losses. The main erosion type has been described as sheet erosion: it is characterised by the removal of fine soil particles and the remains of gravels, pebbles and blocks, which constitute a pavement on the soil. Gullies generally appear on the bottom of wide valleys and depressions, where soils are thick. It is shown that sheet erosion is two orders of magnitude higher than gully erosion at the hillslope scale.Due to the spatial distribution of land use and the geological context such as the heavily degraded areas close to the main rivers, the reduction of runoff and soil loss rates within the extension of a considered area, commonly observed in hydrology, only applies up to the elementary catchments scale (1 to 50 km²). Above this area, runoff coefficient and soil loss rates increase.     

遥感及CA模型支持下的吉隆坡及其周边地区城市扩展分析与预测

利用长时间序列高分辨率Landsat TM影像,对吉隆坡及其周边地区城市扩展模式特征及驱动机制进行了分析,确定了其影响因子和限制因素,并基于CA模型原理对该研究区的城市扩展进行了模拟与预测.结果表明.吉隆坡及其周边地区城市扩展一直处于多经济核心支持下的中高速扩展阶段.吉隆坡内部的填充式扩展模式在整个城市扩展期间受周边的集中式扩展影响较大.在地形、经济及行政政策的交互影响下,研究区的扩展方向主要为西北、南、东南方向,其中以南部的城市扩展在各个时期最为突出.     

Distribution of Pill Millipedes (Arthrosphaera) and Associated Soil Fauna in the Western Ghats and West Coast of India

Seven sampling sites in each of three biomes (Western Ghats, foothills of Western Ghats and west coast) of south-western India were investigated to study the distribution, abundance and ecology of pill millipedes (Arthrosphaera)and associated fauna in relation to edaphic features. Abundance and biomass of Arthrosphaera and other millipedes were the highest in Western Ghats, while earthworms were in foothills. Arthrosphaera magna and Arthrosphaera spp. were common in Western Ghats and foothills respectively, while no Arthrosphaera were found in the west coast. None of the sampling sites consisted of more than one species of Arthrosphaera. Biomass of Arthrosphaera, other millipedes and earthworms significantly differed in Western Ghats (P =9.48 × 10⁻⁷) and foothills (P =1.35 × 10⁻⁸), as did the biomass of species of Arthrosphaera (P =2.76 × 10⁻⁷) between Western Ghats and foothills. Correlation analysis revealed that biomass of Arthrosphaera was significantly (P =0.01, r =0.45) correlated with soil organic carbon rather than other edaphic features (pH, phosphate, calcium and magnesium). Distribution pattern, abundance, biomass and ecology of Arthrosphaera of Western Ghats in relation to soil qualities were compared with millipedes of other regions of the world.