大丽轮枝菌粗毒素在棉花根冠细胞生物学测定方法上的研究

在棉花根冠细胞生物测定过程中,棉花黄萎病病菌通过提纯复壮而达到较强的侵染能力,并制备出较多的黄萎病菌粗毒素。介绍了粗毒素的简易制备、根冠细胞培养与制备过程以及染色过程中染色剂的选择、染色时间的长短。实验与传统方法相比有几点改进:总结出细胞振荡时间在1~2 min之内;之后黑暗条件下静置培养2~6 h;选用pH为6.5的0.01%中性红染色3~5 min,之后加入一滴0.2%伊文思兰染色,伊文思兰的染色时间应严格掌握在3min以内等,为根冠细胞测定方法的推广提供了一定的理论支持。     

九站松花江特大桥主墩承台沉井无封底砼施工的试验

针对九站松花江特大桥特殊地质条件,主墩承台采用无封底混凝土沉井施工技术.确保工程质量,加快工程进度,降低工程成本.     

Status, distribution and definition of mycologically important grasslands in Scotland

In northern Europe, unimproved grasslands provide the habitat for a diverse group of fungi, including members of the genera Camarophyllopsis, Hygrocybe, Entoloma and Dermoloma, and the families Clavariaceae and Geoglossaceae. These fungi are currently the focus of international conservation concern, owing to rapid declines in the availability of suitable habitat. To assess their status in Scotland, 621 field surveys were undertaken on a total of 511 sites, distributed throughout the country. Taxa were found to differ substantially in abundance; for example, whereas five Hygrocybe taxa were recorded at a single site, seven taxa were recorded on more than 200 sites. The number of Hygrocybe taxa per site was found to be positively correlated with number of Clavariaceae taxa (r=0.60); however, the total number of Entoloma taxa was poorly correlated with diversity of other groups (r<0.35). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of field data highlighted variation in composition of fungal communities; in particular, Entoloma taxa were found to cluster together, and were rarely found in association with Geoglossaceae. The data were used to critically examine current approaches to defining the conservation importance of grassland sites on the basis of their mycota. Species accumulation curves indicated that more than 16 visits may be required to fully characterize the fungal diversity of a site. Different groups of fungi also displayed constrasting patterns of seasonal variation in sporome production; peak diversity values for Geoglossaceae and Clavariaceae tended to occur later in the year than for Hygrocybe and Entoloma. Such results indicate that intensive, multiple surveys over prolonged periods are required to accurately define the conservation value of grassland sites. However, these preliminary data suggest that the unimproved grasslands of Scotland are of exceptional importance for fungal conservation, compared with other countries of northern Europe.     

黄瓜根边缘细胞生物学特性及其对铝的响应

 以黄瓜为试验材料, 研究了黄瓜根边缘细胞的生物学特性及其对铝毒的响应。试验结果表明,在黄瓜种子萌发过程中, 根边缘细胞有很高的活性。当根长度在25 mm, 根边缘细胞数目达到最高值5 480个, 根伸长到10 mm时, PME (果胶甲基酯酶) 相对活性达到最高值, 然后随着根的伸长, PME相对活性逐渐下降。在铝处理的条件下, 黄瓜根长及边缘细胞的存活率会随着铝液浓度的升高依次递减, 说明铝毒对根的发育有明显的抑制作用及危害, 而根冠的PME活性却有所提高, 说明了PME与植物铝毒胁迫之间存在着相关性。铝毒条件下边缘细胞PME活性的提高, 使细胞壁的果胶去甲基化, 增加了Al³⁺的结合位点, 从而避免铝更多地进入细胞内, 造成对植物的毒害。     

全长cDNA文库的构建方法

全长cDNA文库的构建是进行功能基因组研究的一种经济、快速、有效的途径,克服了传统cDNA文库的缺点,节省了基因克隆和功能鉴定的时间,促进了功能基因组的研究进程。目前有6种构建全长cDNA文库的方法,包括Oligo-Capping、CAPture、SMART、CAP-trapper、CapSelect、CAP-jumping。这几种方法在起始材料用量、文库构建技术、实验操作复杂程度和文库构建质量等方面构存在不同程度的优缺点,但综合比较而言,SMART和CAP-trapper这两种方法比较有实际应用价值。SMART法适于简单、快速地构建一般质量的cDNA文库,如果采用Little-cycle SMART和Large-size SMART这两种改进技术,所建文库质量也非常好;CAP-trapper法虽然对实验技术要求较高,实验过程复杂,但所建文库全长率高,冗余性低,建库效率高,是目前构建高质量文库最好的方法。     

棉花高产群体形态与营养生理研究

在棉花高产试验条件下研究了群体冠层及营养生理特性，阐明了棉花日生长量，叶面积动态，干物质积累，棉铃时空分布和矿质营养吸收规律。确定了棉花是高叶面系娄３．５８，籽棉经济系数３７．２％－４１．３％。每１００ｋｇ皮棉吸收Ｎ１３．５２ｋｇ，ＰＷＯ５，３．６２ｋｇ，Ｋ２Ｏ２７．３ｋｇ。Ｎ：ＰＳＯ５：Ｋ２Ｏ为１．０：０．２７：２．０。     

Growth of hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens on substrate from rice plant callus cells in anaerobic soil: an estimation to the role of slough-off root cap cells to their growth

Flooded paddy fields are the major anthropogenic sources of methane (CH₄) emission, and organic materials of rice plant origin were estimated to be important as its source. This study used rice (Oryza sativa L. cv, Yukihikari) callus cells as a model material for slough-off root cap cells, and carbon-13 (¹³C)-labelled callus cells were subjected to decomposition in aerobic and anaerobic soil microcosms for 56 days. DNA was extracted from a soil incubated with carbon-12 (¹²C)- and ¹³C-callus cells and subjected to buoyant density gradient centrifugation to identify methanogenic archaeal species that assimilated carbon from the callus cells. ¹³C-labelled 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) fragments from methanogenic archaea were not polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified in heavy fractions under aerobic soil conditions, while they were successfully done from day 3 onwards under anaerobic soil conditions. Eighty-four denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) bands in heavy fractions were sequenced, revealing that they were members of Methanosarcina spp. (20 clones), Methanosaeta spp. (18 clones), Methanocella spp. (25 clones), Methanomicrobiales (10 clones), Methanobacterium spp. (7 clones) and Cluster ZC-I (2 clones). They included hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens and were phylogenetically different from those residing in rice roots and, presumably, from those assimilating root exudate and mucilage-derived carbon. This study indicates that carbon of slough-off root cap cells propagates specific methanogenic species in rice rhizosphere under anaerobic soil conditions and thus augments the diversity of the total rhizospheric methanogenic community.     

Numerical Analysis on Seismic Behavior of Batter Pile Group with High-rise Pile Cap

In order to reveal seismic behavior of batter pile group with high-rise pile cap, taking three kinds of earthquake waves as example, the effect laws of inclination angle and free pile length on seismic response were analyzed based on three-dimensional elastic-plastic dynamic finite element model. The results show that the maximum axial force of pile appears in 25 m approximately beneath the maximum erosion line and the maximum bending moment is located in the interface between pile cap and pile shaft. The vertical displacement and Y-orientation bending moment are symmetrically distributed along the pile shaft, and acceleration, lateral displacement, axial force, bending moment distributions along pile shaft are in the same trend. The greater free pile length, axial force of pile is larger and bending moment of pile is smaller. The greater inclination, axial force and bending moment of pile are larger. The influence on internal force is greater by the pile free length than the pile inclination. Subjected to the seismic load, acceleration and displacement of batter pile decrease, but its axial force and bending moment increase. The total bending moment of batter pile is controlled by Y-orientation bending moment.     

Dynamics of Root Border Cells in Rhizosphere Soil of Zea mays L.: Crushed Cells during Root Penetration,Survival in Soil,and Long Term Soil Compaction Effect

Abstract

Plant roots release mucilage and root border cells (RBCs) into rhizosphere, which function as a complex at the root–soil interface. The dynamics of RBCs in rhizosphere soil, however, remains unknown. In this study, the ratio of crushed root cap cells during root penetration into soil and survival of the RBCs after the release from the root cap were estimated in maize seminal root. In addition, the effects of long term soil compaction on RBCs release were investigated. During the root penetration into rhizosphere soil, 78, 56, and 45% of sloughed root cap cells were estimated to be crushed at the first, second, and third day after planting, respectively. The number of surviving RBCs decreased with time, but 6% of the RBCs in the rhizosphere still retained their cell walls at one month after planting. These cells were estimated to remain in the soil for at least 10 d after the release from lateral roots. Furthermore, RBCs release from newly emerged nodal root increased with aging of plants, and the cell release was significantly increased by soil compaction only at the seedling stage. In conclusion, significant number of RBCs were crushed during root penetration into soil, however many RBCs remained in the rhizosphere soil for a relatively longer period. Soil compaction significantly increased cell release only at the seedling stage.     

球面圆弧锥齿轮接触点轨迹方程

为了提高农业机械等领域的中央传动系统中齿轮的承载能力,减小中央传动的总体尺寸,降低机构的离地间隙,研究了一类理想状态下的球面圆弧锥齿轮。该文根据圆弧锥齿轮的啮合原理、坐标转换以及球面三角几何的方法,确定了球面圆弧锥齿轮接触点轨迹方程和齿轮副圆弧齿廓齿面方程,进一步完善了球面圆弧锥齿轮的设计理论,并根据研究出的方程,进行了齿轮的三维造型,为正确的设计和加工大端面呈理想球面且螺旋齿形端面为圆弧齿廓的球面圆弧螺旋锥齿轮提供了理论基础,也为后续的球面圆弧锥齿轮的参数化设计和数字化加工提供了研究基础。