Assessing soil erosion and control factors by the radiometric technique in the Boussouab catchment,Eastern Rif,Morocco

In the Eastern Rif of N Morocco, soil conservation is seriously threatened by water erosion. Large areas of soil have reached an irreversible state of degradation. In this study, the ¹³⁷Cs technique was used to quantify erosion rates and identify the main factors involved in the erosion process based on a representative catchment of the Eastern Rif. To estimate erosion rates in terms of the main factors affecting soil losses, samples were collected taking into account the lithology, slope and land use along six selected transects within the Boussouab catchment. The transects were representative of the main land uses and physiographic characteristics of that Rif sector. The reference inventory for the area was established at a stable, well preserved, matorral site (value of 4250 Bq m^− 2). All the sampling sites were eroded and ¹³⁷Cs inventories varied widely (between 245 and 3670 Bq m^− 2). The effective soil losses were also highly variable (between 5.1 and 48.8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1). Soil losses varied with land use. The lowest average values were on matorral and fallow land (10.5 and 15.2 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1, respectively) but much higher with alfa vegetation or cereal crops (31.6 and 27.3, respectively). The highest erosion rate was on a badland transect at the more eroded part of the catchment, with rates exceeding 40 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1 and reaching a maximum of 48.8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1.The average soil losses increased by more than 100% when the slope increased from 10° (17.7 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1) to 25° (40. 8 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1). Similar results were obtained when comparing erosion rates in soils that were covered by matorral with respect to those under cultivation. Lithology was also a key factor affecting soil loss. Soils on marls were more erodible and the average erosion rates reached 29.36 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1, which was twice as high as soils on the glacis and old fluvial terraces (average rates of 14.98 t ha^− 1 yr^− 1). The radiometric approach was very useful to quantify erosion rates and to examine the pattern of soil movement. The analysis of main erosion factors can help to promote rational soil use and establish conservation strategies in the study area.     

不同规格鱼鳞坑坡面侵蚀过程及特征研究

探究不同雨强下鱼鳞坑措施的坡面侵蚀规律及特征,对进一步明晰该措施的径流泥沙调控机制具有重要意义。该研究采用小区模拟降雨试验,研究3种雨强(40,70和100 mm/h)条件下2种规格鱼鳞坑坡面的蓄水保土效益及侵蚀过程,并探讨鱼鳞坑坡面水沙特征及其与细沟形态之间的关系。结果表明,鱼鳞坑的径流泥沙调控作用明显但也存在阈值,在措施被冲垮前,各处理减流效益和减沙效益分别为66.02%~82.20%和85.77%~91.91%;平均径流强度和输沙速率分别为平整坡面的18.87%~33.21%和10.04%~15.38%;当鱼鳞坑被冲垮后,坡面产流量和产沙量分别为平整坡面的1.00~1.22倍和1.39~3.53倍,其平均径流强度和输沙速率分别为鱼鳞坑冲垮前的4.60~7.46倍和13.70~16.75倍。鱼鳞坑坡面径流含沙率在措施冲垮前后的差异较大,水沙关系线性拟合的斜率在措施被冲垮前为0.020和0.035,而冲垮后斜率为0.205和0.231,同时坡面总产沙量和峰值产流产沙量与细沟形态显著相关。因此,鱼鳞坑措施对坡面产流产沙特征及形态的影响在其调控阈值前后有较大差异。研究可为鱼鳞坑坡面水土流失的研究可为区域水土保持措施配置及管理提供相应的依据。     

民勤绿洲灌区保护性耕作对土壤风蚀与土壤物理性质的影响

通过春小麦田间试验,以传统耕作为对照,设置免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、立茬和残茬压倒4种保护性耕作处理,研究河西绿洲灌区保护性耕作下土壤风蚀与土壤结构的关系,分析了田间输沙量与土壤团聚体、<0.01mm物理性粘粒、<0.01mm分散性粘粒、分散系数随年限增加的变化及其相关关系。结果表明：与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作能显著减少输沙量；>0.05mm各级团聚体随年限的增加基本无显著变化,但保护性耕作大团聚体(>0.25mm)有增大趋势,微团聚体(0.25-0.05mm)有减少趋势；保护性耕作实施2年后,<0.05mm土粒占比除立茬处理减少不显著外,其他保护性耕作处理均显著减少；试验第3年,传统耕作<0.01mm物理性粘粒较保护性耕作有减少趋势；免耕不覆盖、立茬和残茬茬倒处理<0.01mm分散性粘粒含量随年限的增加显著下降,免耕秸秆覆盖处理变化不显著；免耕不覆盖和残茬压倒处理土壤分散系数随年限的增加显著下降,免耕秸秆覆盖和立茬下降不显著；保护性耕作实施的第3年,各保护性耕作处理分散系数出现减小的趋势。输沙量与>1mm团聚体、<0.05mm土粒和<0.01mm分散性粘粒含量都有极显著的负相关关系,与0.25-0.05mm团聚体呈极显著正相关关系。综上所述,保护性耕作能促进土壤微结构的改善,土壤微结构的改善有利于土壤大团聚体的形成。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.     

山丘区小流域降雨侵蚀及产沙模型研究

该文选用山东省有代表性的福山小流域试验资料，对山丘区小流域降雨侵蚀和产沙规律进行了研究，提出了山丘区小流域降雨侵蚀的产沙模型。不仅为小流域综合治理提供了科学依据，还可满足小流域河流产沙预测预报的要求。     

波涌灌溉技术田间适应性分析

利用地面灌溉模型对波涌灌溉条件下地表水流及入渗过程进行模拟,在模拟结果与田间实测资料对比基础上,确定适宜的田间灌水参数,即土壤入渗强度、田块规格、田面坡度、入地流量、田间微地形等的变化范围,给出适合于波涌灌水方法应用的田间组合条件,提出波涌灌水技术对壤类土质的田间适应性,为制定波涌灌溉的田间实施方案提供科学的依据     

流域侵蚀强度空间分异及动态变化模拟研究

流域侵蚀强度空间分异是小流域泥沙来源研究的重要内容之一。该文以小流域模型模拟试验为基础，利用人工模拟降雨、近景摄影测量和GIS技术，对流域模型不同空间部位的侵蚀强度及其随流域所处发育阶段的动态变化进行了研究。研究结果表明：依据次降雨相对侵蚀模数REM将历经25场模拟降雨的小流域模型发育过程划分为初期时段、活跃时段和稳定时段。沟谷侵蚀强度在整个流域模型发育过程中一直大于坡面；在流域发育初期时段至活跃时段前期，主沟侵蚀强度大于支沟，流域下部侵蚀强度大于中部和上部；在流域发育活跃时段后期，主沟侵蚀强度低于支沟，流域中部和下部侵蚀强度快速增长并达到峰值；在稳定期时段，主沟和支沟侵蚀强度变化趋于同步，流域上部的侵蚀强度高于中部和下部。流域侵蚀强度的时空分布特征对于小流域水土流失综合治理具有科学指导意义。     

Time and scale of gully erosion in the Jedliczny Dol gully system, south-east Poland

Key catchments of the Roztocze loess area in south-east Poland have a great potential of revealing the history of long-term soil erosion and changes in land use. The knowledge of how and when soil erosion took place in the past helps one understand the impact of land use changes on the landscapes [Bork, H.-R., 1989. Soil erosion during the past Millennium in Central Europe and its significance within the geomorphodynamics of the Holocene. Catena 15, 121–131]. The Jedliczny Dol gully system near the town Zwierzyniec in south-east Poland was investigated by using detailed field stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of charcoal and wood.In connection with new settlements which were established between the 14th and 16th centuries, arable land was cultivated and forests were used much more intensively. As a consequence, the loess soils were strongly eroded during heavy rainfalls. Up to 4 m of colluvial sediments were deposited in the gully system during the 15th and/or 16th centuries. The thickness of the colluvial sediments indicate severe erosion which might be related to excessive timber exploitation for the local glass and iron production. With the foundation of the so-called Ordinariat Zamoyski at the end of the 16th century, some parts of the area were presumably reforested. High pressure on the land at the beginning of the 19th century enabled a second main phase of gulling before 1900.Since 1890 at the latest, almost the whole catchment is used as a forest, however, concentrated runoff on compacted forest roads can still be high after heavy rainfalls.In loess areas soil erosion caused by intensive land use, triggered by heavy rainfalls, can change the landscape drastically. These changes will continue to influence how catchments react, even if land use gets less intensive again. This knowledge should be considered regarding future, sustainable land use and recent changes in land use in the south-eastern Polish loess regions.     

Wind erosion and sand accumulation effects on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Farmland,Inner Mongolia

Rain-fed agriculture is widespread in Inner Mongolia, northern China, where wind erosion of farmland is very common because of sandy soil and dry, windy weather. However, very little is known about the effects of wind erosion on soil physical and chemical properties in this region. A field experiment was conducted in sandy farmland, where erosional and depositional gradients were established to evaluate the effects of wind erosion and leeward sand accumulation on soil texture, nutrient content, soil water, and soil temperature. The research showed that long term wind erosion could result in significant soil coarseness, infertility and dryness. Severe erosion reduced clay by 59.6%, organic C by 71.2%, total N by 67.4%, total P by 31.4%, available N by 64.5%, available P by 38.8%, and average soil water content by 51.8%, compared with non-eroded farmland in the study region. The sand fraction (particles > 0.05 mm), pH and ground-surface temperature increased by 6.2%, 3.7%, and 2.2 °C, respectively. Accumulated sand also caused a decrease in nutrients and soil water content. Under severe sand accumulation, clay was reduced by 2.0%, organic C by 19.3%, total N by 21.7%, total P by 13.7%, available N by 52.5%, and average soil water content by 26.6%. The sand fraction, pH, available P, and ground-surface temperature increased by 0.2%, 0.9%, 5.8% and 2.8 °C, respectively.     

农牧交错带不同农田耕作模式土壤风蚀的风洞实验研究

在农牧交错带——内蒙古自治区太仆寺旗采集的土壤样品的风洞实验研究结果表明:耕作模式的不同导致土壤风蚀状况的差异。在深松、翻耕、翻耕碾碎、小麦茬10 cm、荞麦茬10 cm、胡麻茬10 cm与无残茬等7种耕作模式的风洞实验中,翻耕碾碎风蚀速率均值最大,达到124.8 g m-2 min-1,胡麻茬最小,为15.14 g m-2 min-1,前者是后者风蚀速率的8.24倍。7种耕作模式风蚀速率均值的大小顺序为:翻耕碾碎>无残茬>深松>荞麦茬>翻耕>小麦茬>胡麻茬。结合对不同耕作模式土壤风蚀速率与风速关系的进一步分析可定量揭示出:翻耕碾碎、无残茬模式防风蚀效果最差,胡麻茬、小麦茬、翻耕模式防风蚀效果最好,深松、荞麦茬防风蚀效果居中。本文结论对农牧交错带旱作农业增强农田防风抗蚀能力有借鉴意义。