741杨缺素症状和最适pH值的研究

用溶液培养法研究了741杨的缺素症状和最适pH值。观察了5种大量元素的缺素症状,缺素对苗木生长和生物量的抑制顺序为N>K>P>Mg>Fe.缺素对叶绿素含量的抑制顺序为N>Fe>K>Mg>P.缺素会降低叶内其它必需元素的含量。741杨苗木生长的最适pH值为4.84～7.03,适应pH值为7.46～8.22,它能在pH4.84～8.22的范围内正常生长,在极限pH值(pH4和pH10)生长受抑制较大,但未出现坏死等症状。     

硫素的营养诊断及对土壤、环境的影响

本文对硫素的营养诊断及硫肥对土壤、环境的影响作了系统的综述。内容主要包括硫肥的种类和性质、作物硫素营养诊断方法、硫肥的营养作用、土壤中硫的形态和作用以及硫肥对大气、水体的危害,并提出了施用硫肥时应注意的问题。     

Real-time PCR genotyping assay for feline erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency and mutant allele frequency in purebred cats in Japan

Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is an inherited glycolytic erythroenzymopathy caused by mutations of the PKLR gene. A causative mutation of the feline PKLR gene was originally identified in Abyssinian and Somali cats in the U.S.A. In the present study, a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR genotyping assay was developed and evaluated for rapid genotyping and large-scale screening for this mutation. Furthermore, a genotyping survey was carried out in a population of four popular purebred cats in Japan to determine the current mutant allele frequency. The assay clearly displayed all genotypes of feline PK deficiency, indicating its suitability for large-scale survey as well as diagnosis. The survey demonstrated that the mutant allele frequency in Abyssinian and Somali cats was high enough to warrant measures to control and prevent the disease. The mutant allele frequency was relatively low in Bengal and American Shorthair cats; however, the testing should still be carried out to prevent the spread of the disease. In addition, PK deficiency should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of anemia in purebred cats in Japan as well as worldwide.     

Osteomalacia as a result of phosphorus deficiency in beef cattle grazing subtropical native pastures in Uruguay

We investigated 2 outbreaks of osteomalacia as a result of phosphorus (P) deficiency in herds of lactating beef cows grazing subtropical native pastures in Uruguay. Cows exhibited pica, difficulty to stand and walk, rib fractures, and body weight loss even with adequate forage availability. Osteopenia and severe osteomalacia were observed on gross and histologic examination. The concentrations of bicarbonate-extractable P in soil (4.0, 4.1 mg P/kg), total P in pasture (0.9, 1.1 g P/kg), inorganic P in serum (1.0, 0.71 mmol P/L), and P in bone (73 mg P/mL) were all low. Although injectable and mineral salt supplements provided additional P in both outbreaks, these supplementary amounts were insufficient to prevent P deficiency. The P ingested by the cows from the pasture and supplements would have provided 20–55% of their daily P requirements of ~21 g P/d. Osteomalacia occurred in cattle at the 2 ranches as a result of severe P deficiency in the soil and forage, and inadequate P supplementation. Following diagnosis, control of P deficiency in beef cattle requires estimation of the amount of pasture P ingested and provision of sufficient additional supplementary P to meet the animals’ requirements.     

硫肥对伴矿景天修复镉污染土壤的影响

为探索穴施硫粉和硫酸亚铁肥对伴矿景天（Sedum plumbizincicola）修复中性Cd污染土壤的影响,筛选不同硫肥最佳施用量以提高植物提取效率,在阳朔县兴坪镇思的村土壤Cd全量为0.65 mg·kg^-1的农田上,采用田间小区试验方法,设计穴施低、中、高剂量硫粉、硫酸亚铁等7个处理,对比监测了强化修复前后土壤pH、Cd全量、有效态Cd含量和伴矿景天生物量及Cd含量。结果表明：与不施用硫肥的处理（CK）相比,60 d后穴施不同硫肥处理有效降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤有效态Cd含量,同时有效提高了伴矿景天地上部生物量和Cd含量。通过处理效果与成本对比可知,每公顷穴施79 kg硫粉、252 kg硫酸亚铁效果较好,与CK相比,土壤pH分别降低了0.94、0.67个单位,土壤有效态Cd含量分别提高了111.5%、169.5%,伴矿景天地上部生物量分别提高了11.9%、40.7%,地上部Cd含量分别提高了48.5%、132.1%,地上部Cd提取量分别提高了65.8%、226.3%。研究表明,硫粉和硫酸亚铁肥均是伴矿景天修复中性Cd污染农田土壤的潜在强化提取剂,且硫酸亚铁处理修复效率显著高于硫粉处理。     

杭州湾沿岸跨界海域水污染防治的制度创新

指出了杭州湾沿岸跨界海域水污染防治制度存在四大问题：跨区域合作制度不健全,部门协调管理问题难度大,海域污染物评价指标缺乏,监管力度不足。针对杭州湾沿岸跨界域水污染的制度成因,通过借鉴国际典型案例波罗的海水污染的防治经验,从四个方面设计了杭州湾海域水污染防治的新制度：一是改进水污染总量控制制度,二是完善源头减排管理制度,三是健全末端治理监管制度,四是创新排污权交易制度。     

小麦对缺铁胁迫的适应性反应

采用溶液培养法,比较正常供铁和缺铁胁迫下小麦的生理生化指标,同时设置加氧和不加氧2个处理。结果表明,完全营养液加氧处理的小麦株高和穗长最大,达到51.0cm和7.5cm。缺铁处理降低了小麦的籽粒长、籽粒宽、籽粒厚和穗粒数。正常供铁条件下,小麦植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总含量显著高于不供铁的小麦。加氧处理的小麦叶绿素含量高于无氧处理的小麦。根际Fe3+还原酶活性在缺铁胁迫条件下达到17.3μmol·g-1·(2h)-1。缺铁处理降低了小麦植株地上部的铁素含量,并且在加氧条件下更明显。Mn、Cu这两种元素和Fe元素之间存在某种拮抗关系。     

1～14日龄北京鸭胆碱需要量及缺乏症的初步探究

本试验旨在研究1～14日龄北京鸭胆碱需要量及胆碱缺乏病的临床学特点.试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将384只1日龄健康雄性北京鸭随机分成8组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸭.采用玉米-大豆分离蛋白-玉米淀粉型饲粮,各组胆碱水平分别为302、496、778、990、1 182、1 414、l 625、1 832 mg/kg.试验期为14 d.结果表明:1)饲粮胆碱水平对北京鸭平均日增重和平均日采食量有显著影响(P＜0.05),并随胆碱水平的增加而升高,在990mg/kg时达到最大;但饲粮胆碱水平对料重比没有显著影响(P＞0.05).2)饲粮中胆碱缺乏明显抑制北京鸭生长发育,各组表现出不同程度的胆碱缺乏症,表现为从腿骨无力而爬行、胫跖骨关节肿大、跛脚站立不起到死亡的变化趋势,其中302 mg/kg胆碱组最为严重;饲粮胆碱水平达到1 182 mg/kg时,胆碱缺乏症能够得到有效缓解.3)以平均日增重和平均日采食量为评定指标,采用二次曲线模型估算的1～14日龄北京鸭胆碱需要量分别为l 289和l 291 mg/kg.综合以上结果得出,饲粮胆碱缺乏显著抑制北京鸭生长发育,l ～ 14日龄北京鸭胆碱推荐量为1 300 mg/kg.