用傅里叶数与优化法分析污泥过热蒸汽干燥有效扩散系数

为进一步研究污泥薄层在过热蒸汽干燥中湿分扩散机理与有效扩散系数,根据干燥法测定有效扩散系数计算时往往忽略物料湿含量变化对有效扩散系影响,该文采用傅里叶数法和优化法分别计算2、4、6和10 mm厚度污泥薄层,在120~280℃过热蒸汽温度下的有效扩散系数,分析有效扩散系数与过热蒸汽温度、薄层厚度之间的关系。计算分析结果表明:采用傅里叶数法和优化法得出的有效扩散系数数值基本一致,能更为精确反应污泥薄层过热蒸汽干燥有效扩散系数值及变化特性;傅里叶数法和优化法算得4 mm厚度污泥在120~280℃过热蒸汽干燥有效扩散系数分别为2.52×10-10~2.93×10-9 m2/s与2.75×10-10~3.32×10-9 m2/s;2、4、6和10 mm厚度污泥在160℃过热蒸汽干燥时2种方法计算的有效扩散系数分别为3.84×10-10~2.28×10-9 m2/s与4.40×10-10~2.72×10-9 m2/s;有效扩散系数随着过热蒸汽温度、薄层厚度增大而逐渐增大,并成线性关系。通过多元线性回归得到2种方法计算的有效扩散系数与干燥温度、薄层厚度简化的表达式,决定系数分别为0.9982、0.9956。计算结果可为污泥薄层过热蒸汽干燥湿分扩散过程与有效扩散系数的变化分析提供参考。     

Promotion of the seed germination and seedling growth of cabbage by root-colonizing fungi isolated from oat and Eucalyptus roots

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 257–263, 2006)
The symptom of blighted leaves was observed for the melon plants grown on an isolated soil bed after steam sterilization (SS) in a greenhouse in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. To clarify the causes of this symptom, soil and plant analyses were conducted in the first experiment. Manganese concentrations in the leaves with the symptom were higher than 1,000 mg kg−1and exchangeable Mn in the soil was higher than 30 mg kg−1, which indicated the observed symptom was due to Mn excess. In the second experiment, formation of Mn oxide-dissolving substances after SS was examined for several organic amendments, because large amounts of palm chips had been supplied to the soil before SS in the first experiment. As a treatment similar to SS, palm chips, bark compost, and cattle feces manure were autoclaved. The water extracts were collected before and after the autoclave treatment and the Mn oxide-dissolving capacities of the extracts were evaluated. The Mn oxide-dissolving capacity of the water extracts after SS was remarkably higher than before SS, and the value was highest in palm chips, and followed by bark compost, and cattle feces manure. Fractionation and HPLC analysis of the water extracts after SS revealed that the main substance behind Mn oxide reduction in palm tips was arabinose and that in bark manure was malic acid. Further, Mn oxide-dissolving capacities of the water extracts were almost completely explained by the amounts of arabinose or malic acid found in these materials. From these results, it was considered that reducing substances such as arabinose were released by SS from the palm chips which had been applied in large quantity before SS and these reducing substances dissolved the soil Mn oxides and increased the amounts of available Mn, which led to the occurrence of Mn toxicity to the plants.     

秸秆生态工业建设的关键技术

目前秸秆生态工业的建设已形成了以秸秆汽爆为前提、压力脉动固态发酵作为主题技术路线的秸秆生物量全利用新的技术体系。压力脉动固态发酵新技术使生物技术在原料、技术、环保三方面都具有重大的技术突破，实现了严格意义上的纯种培养和规模性工业化生产。基于秸秆与木材在化学组成和结构差异，开发出了秸秆不加任何化学药品低压爆破清洁制浆、大麻清洁脱胶、秸秆制备腐植酸和活性低聚木糖等新一系列创新方法。     

荆芥穗、茎和叶中挥发油提取方法的比较

分别采用蒸馏法(SD)和微波辅助(MAE)提取法提取荆芥(Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq.)穗、茎和叶中的挥发油,并通过GC-MS分析挥发油中的组分。结果表明,荆芥挥发油中,共检出37种化学成分,采用MAE法提取荆芥中的挥发油比SD法出油率高;同一提取方法中,荆芥不同部位提取的挥发油以穗最高、叶次之、茎最低。     

蒸汽喷射对内燃机热力循环的影响与分析

主要阐述内燃机蒸汽喷射节能的机理，从理论上分析了喷入过热水蒸气后的燃烧过程中，水蒸气的化学离解作用、抑制爆震作用和提高内燃机热效率的依据。     

GC-MS法分析霞草挥发油中的化学组分

分别采用索氏提取法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取霞草(Oldham gypsophila)中的挥发油,用GC-MS分析比较了提取物中的化学成分。结果表明,水蒸气蒸馏法和索氏提取法所得提取物中主要成分分别为75和85种,不同提取方法获得的霞草挥发油的化学组成不同,为进一步研究开发霞草资源提供了科学依据。     

Effect of steam pretreatment on wood moisture content and characteristics of vacuum drying

The effects of high temperature steam pretreatment on the change in wood moisture content (MC) and characteristics of vacuum drying were investigated in this study. Poplar and manchurian walnut woods were pretreated with high temperature steam at 100°C and 140°C, prior to vacuum drying. A comparison of the characteristics of vacuum drying between steam pretreated wood and untreated wood was carried out. The results show that during steam pretreatment, the MC of wood decreased within a few hours. The reduction of MC varied with the temperature; the higher the temperature, the faster the MC dropped. During the vacuum drying stage, the rates of drying of pretreated samples were higher than those of untreated samples when MC was below the fiber saturation point. Furthermore, the total drying time of samples treated at a steam temperature of 140°C was lower than that of untreated samples. Therefore, a vacuum procedure after steam pretreatment can effectively shorten the drying time when drying wood.     

地瓜干加工创新工艺研究

针对地瓜干传统加工法存在高硫(>1000mg·kg-1)、高糖(总糖含量60%-70%)、高杂菌、低水分(≤15%)的严重问题,研究出了无硫护色剂、臭氧灭菌、微波-蒸汽协同杀菌等先进技术和设备,应用到地瓜干加工中,生产出低硫(<10mg·kg-1)、低糖(总糖含量为40%左右)、低杂菌(低于商业标准)、高水分(水分大于20%)的地瓜干产品。规模生产实践表明,本工艺安全可靠,操作简便,易于实现生产自动化;产品安全卫生,口感好,色泽佳,已畅销日本、韩国、美国等市场。     

2种方法提取柑橘皮中挥发性成分的气质联用分析

[目的]分析比较不同方法提取柑橘皮中挥发性成分的效果。[方法]分别采用水蒸气蒸馏(SD)和超声萃取-水蒸气蒸馏(UESD)从柑橘皮中提取挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,比较分析了挥发油的化学成分;峰面积归一化法确定了各组分的相对百分含量。[结果]SD法共分离出30个色谱峰,鉴定出21种物质,占总峰面积的93.89%,主要是邻苯二甲酸(51.93%);UESD法共分离出45个色谱峰,鉴定出38种物质,占总峰面积的98.07%,主要是D-苎烯(25.90%)等。[结论]2种方法提取柑橘皮中挥发油主要共有成分为有机酸和烷烃类化合物,但组成和含量有差异,SD法提取有机酸的含量较高。     

三七土壤水蒸气消毒针结构设计与试验

针对连作障碍严重制约三七种植可持续发展的问题,设计一种针式水蒸气输出装置,对消毒针的结构参数进行优化,并通过土槽试验进行验证。通过Fluent软件对消毒针内部进行仿真,结果表明,消毒针出口流速、压力增大,出口温度无明显变化。土壤热传导试验表明,在5 min内即可将土壤加热到90℃,土壤加热基本规律为下层土壤加热效率较低、上层土壤加热效率高。为了探究消毒针不同结构参数对土壤升温效果的影响,选取单侧孔口数量、孔口直径和水蒸气出射角作为试验因素,选取土壤升温到90℃所需时间作为试验指标,进行了正交试验,确定消毒针最优结构参数组合为:消毒针单侧孔口数量为4个、孔口直径为2 mm、水蒸气出射角为45°,此时土壤升温到90℃时间最短,为116 s。通过Fluent多孔介质传热仿真得出,消毒针的最佳排布方式为6×6,最佳数量为36根,间距为250 mm。对消毒后的土壤有机质含量及pH值进行检测,表明消毒后土壤环境符合三七生长的环境要求。