冲蚀磨损对全射流喷头可靠性的影响

阐述了全射流喷头射流元件主要磨损形式为冲蚀磨损．为了研究冲蚀磨损对全射流喷头可靠性的影响,定义了全射流喷头的三项失效指标：末端雨滴直径、步进频率和步进角度．完成了磨粒质量浓度为1％,2％和3％三种情况下的全射流喷头磨损试验,测试了喷头的主要水力性能参数,即喷头流量、喷头信号水流量以及末端雨滴直径随时间变化规律．试验结果表明：喷头的主要水力性能参数随着磨粒质量浓度的增加而显著增加,但质量浓度变化对水力性能参数的影响逐渐减小．信号接嘴1作为喷头的最易磨损件,可选用耐磨材料来加工,以提高喷头工作的可靠性．     

50PG-28型射流式自吸喷灌泵的改进与试验

介绍了50PG-28型射流式自吸喷灌泵的工作原理,分析了该泵自吸性能不足的原因,通过理论分析和试验研究,提出了一种新型的泵腔结构形式：在正导叶的基础上增设反导叶,新的泵腔结构改变了流体方向,减少了流体对泵壳的冲击损失,并可以有效地消除泵腔的速度环量,使气水分离速度加快,泵的自吸性能得到提高．设计了7个喷嘴并进行了自吸性能试验,找出了与泵匹配的最佳喷嘴设计方案,对泵做了全性能试验．试验结果表明,自吸时间比机械行业标准的规定值缩短了42s,泵的效率比国家标准的规定值提高了11．1％,重量比传统自吸喷灌泵减轻了20％．新型泵腔结构形式比原泵腔结构形式在水力性能及自吸性能方面均有所提高.     

基于Adobe软件的喷头水滴直径测量试验研究

喷灌喷洒水滴直径是衡量一个喷头性能的重要指标。针对传统喷灌水滴直径测量较为复杂的问题,提出基于Adobe 7.0软件测量水滴直径的方法,运用该方法对色斑直径与水滴直径关系进行了率定,并对雨鸟系列喷头的水滴直径进行了测量,得到了3种水滴平均直径的关系、水滴直径与喷头距离的关系以及水滴累积体积百分数曲线图。     

Effects of applied water and sprinkler irrigation uniformity on alfalfa growth and hay yield

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of applied water and sprinkler irrigation uniformity on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and hay yield in a semi-arid region. Field experiments were carried out in 2006 in Varamin, Iran, on three plots of 25 m × 30 m. Each plot was subdivided into 25 subplots of 5 m × 6 m. Different irrigation depths and sprinkler water uniformities were obtained by various scenarios of sprinkler nozzle pressure. In each plot, applied water was measured at 250 points (125 points above and 125 points below canopy) and the soil water content of 40 cm deep below soil surface was monitored at 25 points, each in the center of a subplot, throughout the irrigation season. The results showed that sprinkler water and soil water content uniformity varied between 66-78 and 88-91%, respectively. The findings revealed that soil water content uniformity was around 20% higher than sprinkler water uniformity. The irrigation uniformity below the canopy was estimated to be 2.5% greater than above the canopy, and canopy-intercepted water could account for 11-15% of the total seasonal applied water. Evaluation showed that alfalfa leaf area index relies more heavily on farm water application uniformity than hay yield and crop height. The experimental results illustrated that water distribution in sprinkler irrigation systems has a direct effect on alfalfa growth, hay yield and water productivity such that the applied water reduction and the increased sprinkler water uniformity led to an increased alfalfa water productivity of 2.41 kg m⁻³.     

坡地喷灌的规划布置与应用

如何搞好坡地喷灌系统的布置是发展山区、半山区节水灌溉的主攻方向。在坡地上布置喷灌系统比平地上布置要复杂得多,除考虑水源灌区位置外还应抓住地形这一主要矛盾。本文根据地形特点简述了喷灌系统的组成及其布置原则,探讨了坡地喷灌的具体规划布置与应用中应该注意的问题。     

黄淮海北片麦田微喷灌水量对土壤贮水耗水及水分利用效率的影响

为有效应对灌溉水资源短缺,明确麦田微喷灌水量的土壤贮水耗水特征,在山西临汾盆地采用大区对比方法,开展了微喷灌水量对土壤贮水耗水及水分利用效率影响的研究。结果表明:返青期、拔节期、灌浆期及成熟期0—100,0—200,100—200cm土层土壤贮水量基本呈现随微喷灌水量的增加而提高,微喷灌水量150mm与75mm、150mm与0mm、75mm与0mm处理间返青期至成熟期0—200cm土层贮水量均存在显著性差异;播前至成熟期阶段0—100,0—200,100—200cm土层的土壤耗水量呈现随灌水量的增加而减小,其中浅层(0—100cm)耗水量所占0—200cm耗水量比例各处理均大于深层(100—200cm)耗水量所占0—200cm耗水量比例,随灌水量的增加浅层(0—100cm)耗水所占比例提高,而深层(100—200cm)耗水所占比例则降低,不同微喷灌水量0—100,100—200cm土层在不同生育阶段的耗水量与该阶段的初始贮水量均分别呈正相关和负相关;在微喷灌水量0～150mm范围内,水分利用效率和产量均随微喷灌水量的增加而提高,当灌水量达525mm时,产量虽有增加但水分利用效率下降,而灌溉水利用效率则表现为随灌水量的上升而下降。研究结果可为水资源短缺对小麦生产系统的影响提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

呼伦贝尔地区喷灌对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】优化呼伦贝尔地区灌溉管理制度。【方法】针对呼伦贝尔大豆喷灌补灌技术,以"新密荚王738"为供试品种,采用喷灌,设75 mm(P1)、85 mm(P2)、95 mm(P3)、105 mm(P4)4个灌水量处理,并设置1个无灌溉对照处理(CK),测定了不同时期的生物质量、产量、产量构成因子,分析了不同水平下生育期各阶段的耗水规律和水分利用效率。【结果】不同生育期灌水均能促进植物株高和叶面积的生长,株高较CK增加了3.8%～14.1%,叶面积指数较CK增加了2.4%～16.7%,结荚期是株高和叶面积指数的需水敏感期。与CK相比,灌水各处理百粒质量和荚粒数明显增加,单株荚数显著增加。与CK相比,P2处理荚数、百粒质量分别提高了37.2%、11.1%,P4处理荚数、百粒质量分别提高了21.9%、6.6%。P1、P2、P3和P4处理产量分别增加了9.9%、21.9%、20.8%和16.9%。全生育期大豆耗水量在326.7～435.8 mm之间,且随着灌水量的增加,大豆总耗水量显著增加,P1、P2、P3、P4处理分别比CK增加了17.7%、19.9%、26.5%、33.4%。不同生育阶段大豆耗水量不同,结荚期与鼓粒期为主要耗水阶段,共占总耗水量的48.6%以上。生育期日耗水强度均值表现为结荚期>鼓粒期>开花期>成熟期>分枝期>苗期。P1、P2、P3、P4处理WUE均分别比CK提高了17.4%、27.5%、20.3%和10.1%。【结论】本试验条件下,不同灌水量对耗水量和水分利用效率影响比较明显,P2处理在各方面表现均最好,可以达到节水与高产的目标。     

喷灌与地面灌溉冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转的比较研究

以中优9507为材料,采用大田试验的方法,研究了喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转状况。试验结果表明:与对照地面灌溉相比,在冬小麦生长的中前期(分蘖期～拔节期),喷灌条件下冬小麦地上部干物质总量较小,但是在冬小麦生长的中后期(抽穗期～成熟期),喷灌有利于植株对干物质的积累,其干物质总量明显高于地面灌溉条件下;在抽穗前,喷灌和地面灌溉条件下各器官干物质的分配率差异不显著,在抽穗后的灌浆期,喷灌条件下叶片、籽粒中的干物质分配率提高,其茎鞘的干物质分配率则降低;喷灌条件下叶片、颖壳、茎鞘贮藏物质的转化率均低于地面灌溉,其抽穗后生产的干物质对籽粒的贡献率较地面灌溉显著提高;喷灌条件下冬小麦的结实率、千粒重、产量分别较地面灌溉提高了5.9%1、.23 g、491.4 kg/hm2,差异在处理间均显著;喷灌条件下冬小麦的耗水量小于地面灌溉,水分利用效率高于地面灌溉。     

Tree-Temperature Monitoring for Frost Protection of Orchards in Semi-Arid Regions Using Sprinkler Irrigation

Automated over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems were developed and tested in two orchards located in two separate locations in southern Iran （a 0.17 ha peach orchard and a 0.24 ha orange orchard） to protect peach blossoms and orange trees leaves and fruits from low temperature damage. The experiment used a system that monitored the trees and air temperatures using two thermistors. The water application rate by the irrigation system was determined by an energy balance as implemented by the software FROSTPRO, In the peach orchard, the system was tested during three frost events during the spring of 2003 and three other events during the spring of 2004. The system successfully kept peach flowers above the critical temperature, i.e., -4.0℃ in spring 2004 （control block -4.12℃, and sprinkled block ＋0.5℃） during all events. Similar results were obtained in the orange orchard during three frost events in the winter of 2004, during which the tree temperatures were at least 2.5℃ above the critical temperature. Results from field tests show that the system can effectively protect the peach blossoms from damage. Determination done after the frost events showed a 12% blossom kill in the sprinkled blocks while in the unsprinkled control block a 41.5% blossom kill. Calculations indicated that when using variable application rates, the amount of water used can be reduced by 54.3%. Spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during the three frosts was also studied in Jahrom, Iran. Results showed a significant temperature control in the experimental block, especially in the central part of the orchard, but the block margins （about 3.6% of the total area） were at the risk of low temperature due to the wind drift effects.     

平地向坡地转换喷灌水量分布计算模型研究

针对坡地喷灌水量分布实测困难问题,以坡地喷头射程计算公式为基础,依据喷头射流方向总水量守恒原理,构建了喷灌水量分布由平地转换到坡地的计算模型,并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。利用该模型,分析了喷头布置方式、喷头间距、工作压力和坡度等对坡面喷灌水量分布的影响,结果表明,三角形布置有利于坡地单喷头水量分布的叠加,且其组合喷灌均匀度略高于方形布置;随着喷头间距的增大,组合喷灌均匀度呈下降趋势;喷头低压运行时,组合喷灌均匀度相对较低,不能满足喷灌均匀性的要求,随着喷头工作压力的增大,组合喷灌均匀度逐渐增大;在一定坡度范围内,不同坡度对水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度的影响较小。因此,在坡地喷灌系统设计时,若选用雨鸟LF1200型喷头,建议采用三角形布置,喷头间距宜为1.0~1.2倍平地喷头射程,喷头工作压力宜选用300 k Pa。