春小麦品种农艺性状综合评价的研究

应用灰色关联度分析方法，对育成的6个春小麦品种(系)分别与“参考品种”和对照品种的农艺性状进行综合定量的评价。结果表明，以“参考品种”的综合农艺性状评判出的730-1品系优于以对照品种为参照评判出的730—2品系，该结果与田间表现相一致。     

Genotype × environment interaction amongst spring barley lines grown at sites in the northern and southern hemispheres

Summary Measurements and scores for juvenile plant habit, time to ear emergence, plant height, leaf diseases and 1000 kernel weight were recorded on 123 lines of spring barley grown at Palmerston North, (40°S) New Zealand, and at Cambridge, (52°N) England. The material was grown at both sites from F₄ to F₇.For juvenile habit, time to ear emergence, plant height and 1000 kernel weight highly significant correlations were found between sites and seasons though few accounted for more than 50 per cent of the variation. There was no evidence of closer correlation between seasons within sites than between sites and seasons, and it was concluded that selection at either site should be equally effective.Analysis of yield performance over sites and seasons within sites revealed large effects due to genotypes and seasons within sites but small effect due to sites. Large interactions were found between genotypes and sites but the genotypes × seasons within sites effect was relatively small; better agreement was found in relative yields between seasons within sites than between sites, so that yield performance in one country was a poor indication of potential performance in the other country.The implications of these results for the use of a selection nursery in New Zealand are discussed.     

Relationship between vernalization requirement and winter hardiness in doubled haploids of barley

Summary Progeny lines of chromosome-doubled haploids from crosses between one winter and four spring barley varieties were analysed for winter hardiness and vernalization requirement in the field. About one quarter or less of the offspring lines required vernalization under field conditions showing that winter versus spring habit of growth is controlled by at least two pairs of genes. The vernalization requirement could be measured quantitatively by testing a few plants in a greenhouse after artificial cold treatment during germination. The individual winter lines tested required from two to seven weeks of vernalization in order to flower as early as possible. The cold treatment had no effect on the time of flowering in the spring lines.Winter hardiness varied from zero to 100% plant survival in the field. The majority of the lines requiring vernalization survived better than 90% and the survival of the rest was at least 60%. The winter survival of the spring lines varied from zero per cent (about one third of the lines) to 100%. Hence, it is possible to obtain lines of good winter hardiness without requirements for cold treatment. Conversely, a selection for vernalization requirement has a positive effect on winter hardiness.     

Effect of Reinforced-Concrete Deterioration on Structures

s:It is proposed that the research of the structural durability is necessary considering the structural damages under the effect of deterioration of reinforced concrete. The most common reasons, which cause the deterioration of structures in China, are reinforcement corrosion and freeze thaw cycles of concrete. Based on the summarizing of research works of the effect of reinforced concrete deterioration on structures, it is indicated that the structural durability research should be carried out either in view of material science or that of structural science, and should be also considered the interaction of several factors with uncertain nature instead of the determined individual factor analysis. The structural durability of serviceable should be paid much more attention while researching the durability of structural capacity. The effect of reinforced concrete deterioration on structural capacity, rigidity and durability should be researched henceforth.     

Androgenic capability among genotypes of winter and spring barley

Variable efficiency of androgenesis remains a serious problem in many species of cereals. It is still unclear what makes certain genotypes more amenable to androgenesis than others. This study was undertaken to quantify the previously suspected advantage of winter barley genotypes over spring ones with regard to regeneration efficiency in anther culture. The material consisted of 40 barley hybrids originating from Polish breeding companies. The number of androgenic structures per 100 anthers did not differ significantly between analysed groups (119 vs. 152 non‐significant), but the average regeneration of green plants per 100 anthers was five times higher in winter genotypes (6.4 vs. 1.3). The incidence of albinism was lower for the winter than for the spring materials (70% vs. 90%), while the rate of spontaneous chromosome doubling was similar in both groups (58% vs. 56%). The results strongly support the notion that winter genotypes are more amenable to androgenesis and this may be a consequence of their better adaptation to stress conditions.     

Agronomical and morphological differentiation among winter and spring triticales

A collection of 299 secondary hexaploid triticale cultivars and advanced breeding lines from 18 countries, which were considered a representative sample of the existing diversity, was evaluated for morphological and agronomical characters with autumn planting at Lleida, Spain, from 1988 to 1991. The entries were classified as having winter (84) or spring (215) growth habit and among this latter group were complete (73) or substituted (147) types according to CIMMYT's terminology. Winter and spring triticales were grouped by cluster and principal component analyses. Winter triticales were taller with longer growth cycles, longer spikes, and more spikelets per spike than spring types. At early stages they also had prostrate growth. Spring-substituted types were separated from complete material. As a group, spring-substituted triticales differed more from winter types than the spring complete genotypes, which showed intermediate characteristics. Complete types of spring habit had tendency to be taller, with longer spikes, more spikelets per spike and bigger and heavier grains than substituted triticales. Greater variation in morphological and agronomical parameters was detected among winter triticales followed by the complete-spring group.     

Winter × spring wheat hybridization - a promising avenue for yield enhancement

Introgression of the winter gene pool into spring wheat is being considered as one of the strategies to break through the yield plateau. However, little information is available on the combining ability of these two important but distinct groups of wheats in Indian conditions. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the combining ability and gene action of yield and yield attributes in winter × spring wheat crosses. Seventy F₁ progenies developed by 14 winter and five spring wheat lines using a line × tester design were evaluated, along with their parents, for yield and yield attributes in a randomized complete block design under field conditions. The mean squares for all the characters studied showed highly significant differences. The mean squares due to female × male interactions were significant for all the characters studied except for grains per ear and grain weight per ear. Additive genetic effects were found to play a key role in controlling the expression of days to heading, plant height and spikelets per ear.‘MV 19’ and ‘Stepniak’/‘Karvuna’ among winter and ‘PBW 65’ among spring wheats were good general combiners for most of the yield attributes studied. The estimates for specific combining ability effects suggested that, although general combining ability (GCA) effects of most winter wheats are either average or poor, their combination can give desirable genotypes with spring wheat parents possessing a high GCA.     

Geographic distribution of Vrn-genes in landraces and improved varieties of spring bread wheat

Summary A study of the global Vrn-genes distribution supports the hypothesis that these loci have different breeding values. Evident zonal differences were discovered in percentage of dominant Vrn-genes and genotypes between the sets of varieties from various locations. For the same zone analogous differences were not so manifested between the sets of local and improved varieties. It showed the similar environmental fitness of those sets as a result of natural or artificial selection. Obvious changes in distribution of Vrn-genes were discovered in the history of breeding. Within this century the dominant Vrn3 was introgressed into many modern varieties of countries close to the equator. The main direction of such introgression ran from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi to Italian varieties. Later it came from Italy through Mentana to Mexican semidwarf varieties, and the last ones (especially Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64) promoted wide distribution of that gene all over the world.     

施用不同缓释肥料对春小麦产量的影响

通过对Triabon和Field两种缓释肥料的试验研究,结果表明:缓释肥料具有良好的养分缓释效果,肥效期均可达到100d,但Triabon缓释效果优于国产的Field。施用缓释肥料Triabon600kg/hm2,春小麦单产7083kg/hm2,比对照增产42 5%,且穗粒数、千粒重均较对照增加明显,Field次之。施用缓释肥料的籽实、茎叶N、P、K携出量分别比等NPK养分混配肥料S提高了2 4%～14 8%,5 6%～21 2%,8 0%～11 3%。缓释肥料的N利用率达到37 2%～60 9%,P利用率24 7%～40 3%,K利用率71 3%～81 9%,减少了肥料损失。     

土壤水蚀模型中的融雪侵蚀模拟研究

在季节性或常年积雪地区,春季积雪融化产生的径流及其造成的侵蚀占全年总侵蚀量的比例很大,同时反复进行的冻融过程会影响土壤的物理性质,如团聚体稳定性、水分传导率、抗剪切力、可蚀性等,进而加重土壤侵蚀。因此在这些地区进行融雪侵蚀预报十分必要,它主要包括融雪径流的产生,及其形成的土壤侵蚀量,冻融过程导致土壤性状的变化,以及由此造成的对土壤可蚀性的影响。本研究总结了国内外融雪侵蚀的研究现状,并分析了几个代表性土壤水蚀预报模型中的融雪侵蚀过程,提出我国部分地区土壤侵蚀模型中考虑融雪侵蚀的必要性。