Droplet evaporation and spread on waxy and hairy leaves associated with type and concentration of adjuvants

BACKGROUND: Adjuvants can improve pesticide application efficiency and effectiveness. However, quantifications of the adjuvant‐amended pesticide droplet actions on foliage, which could affect application efficiencies, are largely unknown. RESULTS: Droplet evaporation rates and spread on waxy or hairy leaves varied greatly with the adjuvant types tested. On waxy leaves, the wetted areas of droplets containing crop oil concentrate (COC) were significantly smaller than those containing modified seed oil (MSO), non‐ionic surfactant (NIS) or oil surfactant blend (OSB), whereas the evaporation rates of COC‐amended droplets were significantly higher. On hairy leaves, COC‐amended droplets remained on top of the hairs without wetting the epidermis. When the relative concentration was 1.50, the wetted area of droplets with NIS was 9.2 times lower than that with MSO and 6.1 times lower than that with OSB. The wetted area increased as the adjuvant concentration increased. MSO‐ or OSB‐amended droplets spread extensively on the hairy leaf surface until they were completely dried. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that the proper concentration of MSO, NIS or OSB in spray mixtures improved the homogeneity of spray coverage on both waxy and hairy leaf surfaces and could reduce pesticide use. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field evaluation of a self-propelled sprayer and effects of the application rate on spray deposition and losses to the ground in greenhouse tomato crops

BACKGROUND: In the greenhouses of south‐eastern Spain, plant protection products are applied using mainly sprayers at high pressures and high volumes. This results in major losses on the ground and less than uniform spray deposition on the canopy. Recently, self‐propelled vehicles equipped with vertical spray booms have appeared on the market. In this study, deposition on the canopy and the losses to the ground at different spray volumes have been compared, using a self‐propelled vehicle with vertical spray booms versus a gun sprayer. Three different spray volumes have been tested with a boom sprayer, and two with a spray gun. RESULTS: The vehicle with the vertical spray boom gave similar depositions to those made with the gun, but at lower application volumes. Also, the distribution of the vertical spray boom was more uniform, with lower losses to the ground. CONCLUSIONS: The vertical spray booms used in tomato crops improve the application of plant protection products with respect to the spray gun, reducing the application volumes and the environmental risks of soil pollution. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

北京王虎沟泥石流堆积物粒度参数分析

通过野外实地调查与室内实验相结合的方法,对王虎沟泥石流堆积物的粒度组成进行研究分析,采用平均粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度等粒度参数分析了北京王虎沟堆积物特征。研究表明:颗粒平均粒径在上、中和下游表现为大—小—大,整个流域颗粒的分选均较差,上游和中游堆积区颗粒粒径偏度比下游更趋于对称;上中下游峰度值表现为大—小—大。通过对当地泥石流堆积物颗粒参数的分析,得出:此流域如遇暴雨极易发生泥石流灾害,会对当地人民群众的生产生活带来重要影响。     

基于叶型特征重建和缺陷模型提取的LDMD叶片再制造

为了实现激光直接沉积(LDMD)对破损叶片的再制造,提出了一种利用设计特征重建叶型曲线(CSC)的方法,并提取缺陷3D模型。首先,规划了叶片再制造系统结构;接着,基于叶型曲线设计特征,对前缘(LE)、后缘(TE)、吸力边(SS)和压力边(PS)在叶型点云中的位置进行识别,然后利用圆弧曲线以背离度和拟合误差作为2个阈值,实现对前缘和后缘的拟合,同时实现叶型点云的分割;再利用6次多项式曲线,在保证与前后缘曲线相切的约束条件下,用最小二乘法实现对吸力边和压力边的拟合,从而得到完整的叶型曲线;接着放样叶型曲线得到完好的目标模型,并采用布尔减运算提取了缺陷3D模型;最后,给出了一个叶片再制造应用实例,证明了方法的可行。     

农药喷雾试验研究的现状

总结了近年来国内外有关农药精确喷施的主要研究内容及其在农业工程领域中的应用情况,指出了农药精确喷雾的主要特点及影响因素,并提出了对该领域进一步研究的几点建议。     

静电技术在农业工程中的应用

静电技术在农业工程中的应用非常广泛,其典型的应用是静电涂敷技术。为此,介绍了静电喷涂杀虫、静电涂膜、静电授粉、静电除尘等静电技术;同时,阐述了静电授粉、静电干燥、静电杀菌和静电发酵技术的工作原理和技术前景,以期为静电技术更好地在农业工程中应用提供参考和依据。     

一种孔式喷油器分层次异速喷雾现象的研究

在喷油泵试验台上,利用频闪喷雾摄像系统拍摄孔式喷油器(8孔均布,喷射夹角150°,喷孔直径0.29 mm,喷油器开启压力28 MPa)的燃油喷雾图像,发现一种分层的异速喷雾现象,即成十字方向的一组喷孔与相邻45°方向的另一组喷孔的喷雾长度在喷射初期差异显著但后期又趋于一致。对喷雾图片进行数据处理并结合对喷油嘴参数进行分析,初步认定喷油嘴喷孔长径比的不同是产生这种喷雾现象的原因,此现象的揭示为喷油嘴的改进提供了一种新的思路。     

灭茬刀具喷焊NiWC的耐磨粒磨损性能

为解决根茬粉碎还田机灭茬刀成本高、寿命短的问题，在65Mn钢制作的根茬还田刀具易磨损部位喷焊了NiWC合金抗磨涂层。磨损试验表明，与65Mn钢淬火回火处理刀具相比，喷焊NiWC合金灭茬刀的相对耐磨系数有较大的提高。WC含量和喷焊工艺不同，其喷焊层的耐磨性有较大的差异。     

高压静电喷洒灭蝗机的试验

运用高压静电喷雾技术研制了喷洒灭蝗机。该机具以越野车为载具,车厢上安装独立柴油发电机组,在驾驶室内可控制喷雾的启停、喷头的俯仰及旋转运动。在试验室内对喷雾系统进行试验,得出了轴心风速、断面风速、雾滴体积中径和雾滴沉积量的分布特性。在新疆维吾尔自治区的蝗区进行了整机现场试验,对比了荷电与非荷电、不同药液及不同药液喷量下的灭蝗效果,得出了该机具运行的最佳工况参数。     

航空双喷嘴静电喷头的设计与试验

针对航空静电喷雾装置采用的双喷嘴静电喷头进行了结构设计,从理论上分析了双喷嘴环状电极诱导的空间电场对雾滴粒径及荷电效果的影响。建立了泵-喷头-粒径分析-荷质比测量系统,对双喷嘴静电喷头的喷雾特性进行了试验分析。试验表明,当充电电压为10kV时静电喷雾可以产生分布均匀、平均体积中径为81.8μm的小雾滴,并可获得2.65mC/kg的最大荷质比。