土壤水分动态对林地地表径流的影响概况

指出了土壤水分是影响地表径流产生重要因素之一 ,研究土壤水分在土壤中的分布、土壤水分动态变化规律以及影响土壤水分变化的因子 ,对林地的生态环境保护具有重要意义.土壤水分的分布受空间和时间的影响 ,不仅如此 ,土壤水分动态变化和分布规律还受到诸如气象因子、地形因子、地形利用因子、人为活动等因子的影响.这些影响因素都导致了土壤水分动态变化在空间和时间上的差异 ,从而导致了林地降雨-产流的差异.因此 ,深入研究影响土壤水分变化的各种因素 ,以及研究各种因素对土壤水分动态变化的作用规律 ,一方面能够为降雨-地表径流的发生规律提供参考 ,另一方面为保护林地植被生长提供了重要的条件.     

基于Google Earth Engine平台的大湄公河次区域2001—2019年植被NPP时空变化分析

为探明大湄公河次区域植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空变化特征,基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)云计算平台,利用MOD17A3HGF NPP时序数据,采用线性趋势分析方法,分析了2001—2019年大湄公河次区域植被NPP的时空变化特征。结果显示:(1)2001—2019年间大湄公河次区域植被NPP总体较高,植被NPP年均值整体上变化趋势不显著,变化波动较大,且与年均温度有显著的负相关性;(2)大湄公河次区域植被NPP年均值具有较明显的空间分异性规律,大体呈中部高,南、西南部略低的状态,与其主要河流流域有着重要的联系;(3)植被NPP变化趋势呈现基本不变、轻微改善的特征,改善区域主要位于中国云南省与广西,轻微退化区域主要位于老挝中部和缅甸北部;(4)GEE云平台解决了本地平台数据下载与存储不便等问题,整个大湄公河次区域植被NPP时空变化的数据处理在10 min内完成,GEE云平台在大范围、长时间尺度的研究中体现出了强大的优势。     

耕地集约利用与新型城镇化的耦合关联研究——以福建省为例

耕地集约利用与新型城镇化的协调发展对于推动乡村振兴和城乡统筹发展具有重要意义。以福建省9个设区市为研究对象,构建耕地集约利用与新型城镇化耦合协调发展评价指标体系,基于灰色关联度模型,定量评价2008—2018年两系统各要素间的耦合关联程度。同时运用熵权TOPSIS模型和耦合协调发展度模型,研究二者的综合发展水平及其耦合协调发展水平时空特征。结果表明:耕地集约利用与新型城镇化的关联度为0.761,达到较高关联,耕地集约利用为新型城镇化提供发展动力,新型城镇化为耕地集约利用提供要素支持;新型城镇化水平呈逐年上升趋势,而耕地集约利用水平保持稳定;两系统的耦合度先上升后下降,耦合度阶段总体上由中度耦合进入高度耦合,空间分布上呈现出由东西高南北低到南北高中间低演变的特点;二者的协调发展水平总体呈上升态势,协调发展等级由轻度失调衰退过渡为勉强协调发展,空间上主要表现为东高西低的分布格局;相对发展程度状况呈现出耕地集约利用滞后的发展态势。因此,福建省应在现有的资源禀赋上科学投入,以提高耕地集约利用水平,均衡新型城镇化发展差异,完善制度配套,推动协调发展。     

From statistics to grids: A two-level model to simulate crop pattern dynamics

Crop planting patterns are an important component of agricultural land systems. These patterns have been significantly changed due to the combined impacts of climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. However, the extent of these changes and their possible impacts on the environment, terrestrial landscapes and rural livelihoods are largely unknown due to the lack of spatially explicit datasets including crop planting patterns. To fill this gap, this study proposes a new method for spatializing statistical data to generate multitemporal crop planting pattern datasets. This method features a two-level model that combines a land-use simulation and a crop pattern simulation. The output of the first level is the spatial distribution of the cropland, which is then used as the input for the second level, which allocates crop censuses to individual gridded cells according to certain rules. The method was tested using data from 2000 to 2019 from Heilongjiang Province, China, and was validated using remote sensing images. The results show that this method has high accuracy for crop area spatialization. Spatial crop pattern datasets over a given time period can be important supplementary information for remote sensing and thus support a wide range of application in agricultural land systems.     

噻虫嗪在棉叶中残留消解动态及对棉蚜的防治效果评价

【目的】研究噻虫嗪种衣剂在棉叶中的消解动态,评价其对棉蚜的防治效果。【方法】采用QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS方法,定期测定棉叶中噻虫嗪的含量,田间调查噻虫嗪种衣剂对棉蚜防治效果。【结果】0.01~0.50 mg/L线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999。在0.01、0.20、0.50 mg/kg添加水平下,噻虫嗪在棉叶中的平均回收率在93.4%~119.71%,相对标准偏差为0.34%~5.18%,方法检测限为0.001 mg/kg。噻虫嗪在棉叶中的消解动态符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为3.85~4.03 d。下部叶中噻虫嗪含量分别占各处理总浓度的59.42%~76.39%,噻虫嗪主要分布在下部叶片。出苗后30 d时,600 g/100kg处理防效最佳,仍可达87.90%。【结论】使用600 g/100kg浓度噻虫嗪种子处理,可较好地防治苗期蚜虫。     

长航时轻型固定翼农用遥感无人机设计与仿真

针对电动无人机应用于农业遥感监测时受其续航时间限制的问题,从实际应用角度出发,设计了一种续航时间长、适用于农业遥感监测的翼身融合布局的轻型电动固定翼无人机。提出了翼身融合布局轻型固定翼无人机的总体设计方法,确定了轻型固定翼无人机的结构参数,建立了物理模型并对其参数进行了优化分析。通过计算流体力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析计算了翼身融合布局轻型固定翼无人机的气动性能,基于流固耦合模型动态分析了其飞行状态下的受力分布。结果表明,优化模型较初始设计模型的升阻比提高了2.6%,在迎角为6°、巡航速度为15.5 m/s时,所设计的翼身融合布局轻型固定翼无人机机身压力分布合理,且拥有良好的气动特性。起飞质量为1.5 kg时,无人机下表面压力最大,为143 Pa,升力主要集中在机翼前缘部分,计算所得理论续航时间为65 min,在巡航阶段最大变形量0.288 38 mm,符合飞行器工作条件,无人机结构和选用材料均满足设计和使用要求。本文设计的电动轻型固定翼农用遥感无人机在结构、材料和性能方面均适用于农业遥感监测。     

往复式割刀切割马铃薯秧数值模拟分析

针对马铃薯收秧机械在国内发展空白和往复式切割器切割马铃薯秧蔓研究较少的问题,对往复式切割器进行三维建模、显式动力学分析,并仿真得到往复式切割器在切割马铃薯秧过程中的变形结果、应力和剪切力变化折线图。结果表明:马铃薯秧的最大变形为148.98mm,最大应力为2.7706MPa,最大剪切力为1.5368 MPa,且往复式切割刀的各项指标均在合理范围之内,能够充分实现马铃薯秧苗的切割。该研究内容可为往复式切割器在马铃薯秧蔓切割问题上的探讨提供参考。     

Evaluation of different approaches to individual tree growth and survival modelling using data collected at irregular intervals - a case study for Pinus patula in Kenya

Background： The minimum set of sub-models for simulating stand dynamics on an individual-tree basis consists of tree-level models for diameter increment and survival. Ingrowth model is a necessary third component in uneven-aged management. The development of this type of model set needs data from permanent plots, in which all trees have been numbered and measured at regular intervals for diameter and survival. New trees passing the ingrowth limit should also be numbered and measured. Unfortunately, few datasets meet all these requirements. The trees may not have numbers or the length of the measurement interval varies. Ingrowth trees may not have been measured, or the number tags may have disappeared causing errors in tree identification. Methods： This article discussed and demonstrated the use of an optimization-based approach to individual-tree growth modelling, which makes it possible to utilize data sets having one or several of the above deficiencies. The idea is to estimate all parameters of the sub-models of a growth simulator simultaneously in such a way that, when simulation begins from the diameter distribution at the first measurement occasion, it yields a similar ending diameter distribution as measured in the second measurement occasion. The method was applied to Pinus patula permanent sample plot data from Kenya. In this dataset, trees were correctly numbered and identified but measurement interval varied from 1 to 13 years. Two simple regression approaches were used and compared to the optimization-based model recovery approach. Results： The optimization-based approach resulted in far more accurate simulations of stand basal area and number of surviving trees than the equations fitted through regression analysis. Conclusions： The optimization-based modelling approach can be recommended for growth modelling when the modelling data have been collected at irregular measurement intervals.     

福州旗山常绿阔叶混交林空气含氧量日变化特征

运用PTM400氧气分析仪和气象测定仪对福州旗山森林公园中常绿阔叶混交林和停车场进行24小时连续同步观测,据此分析出2类观测点内空气含氧量的日动态变化规律以及常绿阔叶混交林中空气含氧量与气象因子之间的关系。结果显示:1)2类观测点内空气含氧量一天24小时的变化规律相似,呈抛物线形曲线变化,峰值都出现在下午15∶00,呈现出"昼高夜低"的变化规律;但在常绿阔叶混交林中,其各时段空气含氧量都比停车场高,且差异显著。2)常绿阔叶混交林空气氧气含量与空气温度呈极显著正相关,与光照强度呈显著相关,与空气湿度呈及显著负相关,与平均风速的相关性不显著。空气含氧量与气象因子的相关系数排序为空气温度空气湿度光照强度风速。