土壤空间变异研究现状及展望

阐述了应用地统计学方法，定量研究土壤空间变异的基本理论和基本方法以及国内外土壤空间变异的研究现状，探讨了该领域研究中存在的问题，展望了土壤空间变异研究前景。     

稻田蜘蛛混合种群空间分布的动态研究

稻田蜘蛛混合种群的空间分布在水稻的不同发育期存在差异。其空间分布主要由稻田蜘蛛本身的扩散程度及生殖 ,游猎型和定居型数量的多寡 ,主要目标害虫的数量及其分布 ,栖息环境的变化及其耕作方式和稻田蜘蛛的种群密度及其种间竞争程度决定。     

桔园柿广翅蜡蝉卵块空间分布图式

柿广翅蜡蝉在某些柑桔产区新上升为主要害虫。我们于1986年7月间在宜昌柑桔产区对其卵块分布图式进行了调查,通过10组资料分析,得如下结果:(1)由比较频次法测得卵块在桔园呈负二项或截尾负二项分布。(2)由聚集强度测定方法测得卵块在桔园呈聚集分布图式,其分布的基本成份是疏松的个体群,个体群的分布是聚集的,个体内的分布是随机的。(3)由 IwaoM~*指标法求得个体群大小为1～3株(10组资料平均为1.7株)桔树所占面积。(4)由 Blackich 的λ值测得,卵块密度大于6的9组资料其聚集是由于卵块自身聚集行为习性造成(由成虫产卵行为决定),或某些环境因子作用引起。而有一组密度为2.4的资料,其聚集可能完全由于某些环境条件的作用而引起。     

Assessment of Transmission Ability of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV Isolates by Different Populations of Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae

Populations of two aphid species from different geographic regions of Morocco were tested for their ability to transmit five barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) type isolates using Clintland 64 oat as the test plant. Transmission efficiencies were determined for 10 sub-populations of Rhopalosiphum padi and 12 sub-populations of Sitobion avenae. After a short acquisition access period (AAP) of 4h, all populations transmitted the virus but with different efficiencies. R. padi (Rp-S) and S. avenae (Sa-S) collected in the Settat region were the most efficient vectors, with transmission rates of 38% and 27%, respectively. R. padi (Rp-C) collected at Chaouen and S. avenae (Sa-B) at Berkane, were poor transmitters with respective vectoring abilities of 20% and 16%. These four sub-populations were chosen to study the acquisition of BYDV-PAV and the retention of virus within aphids in more detail. The transmission after two AAPs of 4h and 48h were compared. Starved aphids given a 4h AAP had significantly higher transmission efficiencies than non-starved aphids. However, after a 48h AAP, no difference was observed in the transmission between starved and non-starved aphids. Intraspecific variability was also detected by means of serial transfers of individual aphids after the given AAP. Following the first day of serial transfers, no differences were observed in transmission efficiency and virus titers for sub-populations within each species acquiring the virus during 48h, but there was significant variation when the virus was acquired in 4h. The levels of PAV antigen retained by aphids fed on healthy plants declined rapidly during the first day after acquisition, but remained fairly constant during the next 5–7 days depending on the length of the AAP. Virus antigen could be detected by ELISA in Rp-S and Sa-S for up to 11 days of serial transfer, but it was shown that aphids could retain and transmit BYDV-PAV for at least 3 weeks.     

潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫空间分布型研究

本文应用Iwao和Tayla’s回归模型以及6个聚集度指标(C、CA、M^*、M^8／m、I、K),对蚕豆田潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究。测定结果属聚集分布,为田间调查及保护天敌提供了依据。     

EFFECT OF OBSERVER VARIABILITY ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MEASUREMENT BY RENAL SCINTIGRAPHY IN DOGS

Observer variation in kidney depth measurement for correction of soft-tissue attenuation and kidney region of interest (ROI) drawing was evaluated using 60 clinical dogs with a wide range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for their effect on the calculated percentage uptake of 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and individual kidney GFR by scintigraphy. Kidney depth was measured separately on the lateral image using two color tables: a threshold and a continuous red-green-blue. Within-observer variability of the semi-automatic ROI drawing of the estimated total GFR was up to 10% for the right kidney (RK) and 9% for the left kidney (LK). The variability was lower between observers, 6% for RK and 8% for LK. Manual ROI drawing caused more within observer variation than semi-automatic: up to 14% for RK and 11% for LK. Continuous red-green-blue table caused more variation within and between observers than threshold table. Average within-observer variability from both observers of kidney depth measurement on different color tables could vary up to 5.5% and 6.5% variation of the GFR of RK and LK, respectively. Most variation affecting the DTPA percentage uptake came from the ROI drawing technique. Variations of the method because of the effects of both kidney depth and kidney ROI drawing were up to 8% and 10% for RK and LK, respectively. To minimize these variations a threshold scale should be used for the kidney depth measurement and an automatic or semi-automatic ROI should be used whenever possible. In sequential examinations the same person should make all the measurements.     

甘肃省土地资源可持续利用定量评价

从资源、环境、经济和社会4方面构建土地资源可持续利用评价指标模型,并选择23个参评因子,对甘肃省土地资源可持续利用空间差异进行定量分析,发现甘肃省土地资源可持续利用水平有明显的空间差异,认为各地在资源开发、经济发展、社会进步和环境保护方面有待进一步协调。     

陕西省旅游资源空间分异特征及区划研究

本文利用陕西省旅游资源普查数据,对陕西省旅游资源空间分异因素与特征做了理论上的探讨,在此基础上确定区划依据,用自上而下的方法对陕西省旅游资源进行了区划研究。研究结果将陕西省旅游资源划分为4个旅游资源区,16个旅游资源亚区,各旅游资源区具有不同的资源特征,在开发利用上也具有不同的方向,采用不同的对策。     

A Severe Hellenic CMV Tomato Isolate: Symptom Variability in Tobacco, Characterization and Discrimination of Variants

A severe strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) originating from an infected tomato plant (Gastouni-Olympia, Greece) was isolated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc), after three serial local lesion passages in Chenopodium quinoa and designated CMV-G. CMV-G induces yellow mosaic (YM) symptoms in tobacco. When CMV-G was passed mechanically through C. quinoa, phenotypic variants inducing YM or green mild mosaic (MM) in tobacco were isolated. Aphid transmission, from different hosts, appears to be an effective approach for separating MM variants of CMV-G from YM variants. In particular, aphid transmission from zucchini proved to be very efficient in selecting for MM variants. In contrast, aphids transmitted only YM variants from tomato plants. Molecular characterization of CMV-G and its progeny resulted in their classification in the CMV subgroup IB, free of satellite RNA, being the first discovery of the subgroup IB in Greece. In the Solanaceae family (tobacco, tomato, pepper) YM variants induced more severe symptoms than the MM variants. YM and MM phenotype was stable in tobacco for all seven passages tried using the obtained YM and MM variants. Cross-protection experiments showed that an isolated MM variant was able to protect tobacco plants against a challenge infection by a YM variant.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of Lolium rigidum–Avena sterilis mixed populations in a cereal field

Through a detailed case study of a two‐species (Lolium rigidum and Avena sterilis) weed community at contrasting scales, this paper examined factors that affect weed distribution across space and time in a commercial wheat field in north‐east Spain. A. sterilis showed relatively stable spatial distribution and spatial structure of its population over time at large scale, with well‐defined patches, although weed density rose quickly. L. rigidum showed poorly defined patches that were not stable across time. Interaction between species could explain to some degree the spatial distribution at large scale: a negative relationship was detected between the spatial structures of both weed populations. At fine scale, both species showed a clear interaction effect from primary dispersal (more important in A. sterilis) and secondary dispersal from combine harvesting (more important in L. rigidum).