Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn with Salix viminalis in field trials

Abstract. Use of high biomass crops such as the willow Salix viminalis to extract metals for soil remediation has been proposed as an alternative to the low biomass-producing hyperaccumulating plants. High yields compensate for the moderate heavy-metal concentrations in the shoots of such species. We report the first long-term trials using Salix viminalis to extract heavy metals from two contaminated soils, one calcareous (5 years) and one acidic (2 years). Total metals extracted by the plants were 170 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 13.4 kg Zn ha⁻¹ from the calcareous soil after 5 years, and 47 g Cd ha⁻¹ and 14.5 kg Zn ha⁻¹ from the acidic soil after 2 years; in the first year outputs were negligible. After 2 years, Salix had performed better on the acidic soil because of larger biomass production and higher metal concentrations in shoots. Addition of elemental sulphur to the soil did not yield any additional benefit in the long term, but application of an Fe chelate improved the biomass production. Cd and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in leaves than stems, highlighting the necessity to collect leaves as well as shoots. On both soils, concentration in shoots decreased with time, indicating a decrease in extraction efficiency.     

基于气候阻力的温室黄瓜蒸腾速率模拟

在北方地区玻璃温室内，观测黄瓜生长期叶温与温室内微气象因子，利用基于能量平衡方程和水汽扩散理论的叶-气温差方程计算植株气孔阻力(ri)，结合同期气候阻力(r^*)和边界层阻力(re)进行分析，结果发现：不同天气条件下ri/re的比值与r^*/re比值之间呈极显著正相关关系，晴天时：ri/re=1.207(r^*/re)-0.326(n=328，r=0.8055)，阴天时：ri/re=0.169(r^*/re)+0.278(n=222，r=0.8076)。根据此拟合方程，以r^*/re代替ri/re代入修正后的P-M公式中计算温室黄瓜的蒸腾速率，与直接代入ri值的计算结果比较，结果晴天与阴天条件下的相对误差均<10%，一致性指数达0.96以上，说明利用拟合方程建立的模型模拟效果很好。此模型能够直接利用气象数据计算温室作物气孔阻力并进而计算蒸腾速率，使温室作物蒸腾速率的计算更简单方便，该文结果对同类温室和作物有参考价值。     

黄土高原地区长期施用微肥土壤Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe含量的时空变化

以19年微肥定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用微肥条件下冬小麦土壤Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe含量的时空变化。结果表明,长期施用微肥能增加土壤耕层相应微量元素含量,施铜肥的土壤耕层有效Cu含量增加5倍以上;施锌肥的土壤耕层有效Zn含量增加3.58倍。从剖面变化看,不同处理土壤有效Cu的变化趋势一致,且耕层以下各土层有效Cu含量低于耕层,土壤有效Zn的变化趋势与之相似;土壤有效Mn在80cm土层含量较高,80cm以上以及下面的土层中Mn含量明显低于80cm土层,在土壤剖面上有效Mn存在淋溶和累积现象。施用不同微肥对土壤有效Fe含量的影响各不相同。     

UV-B辐射增强对木本植物的影响研究进展

阐述了UV B辐射增强对木本植物的影响研究进展 ,并指出UV B辐射增强对植物生态系统影响的研究方向。     

运用SWRRB模型研究西班牙Teba流域水量和沉积物量: Ⅰ. 模型输入及模拟实验

Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, were simulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120 items (variables) were input for the simulation, including meteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographic factors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc. The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff, sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass, etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeated simulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. In this work the simulation accuracy for annual water yield prediction reached to 83.68%.     

不同施肥处理对湖南红壤中微生物数量及酶活性的影响

对湖南红壤长期定位试验田的土壤进行了土壤微生物类群的数量和土壤酶活性的测定与分析,结果表明:NPK配施有机肥能明显提高红壤中各类有益微生物的数量。显著增强土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性。采用小麦、大豆、红薯轮作的方式也能较好地培肥土壤,提高有益微生物的数量及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性,直接施有机肥的处理也有较好的效果,而单施N肥几乎各项指标都处于最低值。     

棉花动态模拟模型研究进展

该文对棉花生理生态模型、棉花形态结构模型以及棉花结构功能模型的研究动态进行了综述，提出将形态结构和生理生态过程紧密结合的棉花结构功能模型的研究应是今后棉花模拟研究的重点，指出了目前生理生态模型和结构模型结合遇到的关键理论和技术问题：未能实现冠层微环境的精确模拟；物质分配和植株结构的结合研究还处于初步阶段；地上部分和根系耦合模拟还未实现。最后对该领域今后的研究趋势和内容进行了探讨：应基于形态结构模型进行冠层微环境的精确模拟；地上部分的物质分配可基于源－汇模型；地上部分和根系进行耦合模拟时，可将地上部分看作是“源”，根据根系各部分的“汇强”模拟物质分配和根的生长。     

长期稻草还田对土壤球囊霉素和土壤C、N的影响

A long-term experiment was conducted to investigate how long-term fertilization and rice straw incorporation into soil affect soil glomalin, C and N. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and straw resulted in a significant increase in both soil easily extractable glomalin （EEG） and total glomalin （TG） concentrations, as compared with application of only chemical fertilizer or no fertilizer application. The EEG and TG concentrations of the NPKS （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application ＋ rice straw return） plot were 4.68% and 5.67% higher than those of the CK （unfertilized control） plot, and 9.87% and 6.23% higher than those of the NPK （nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer applied annually） plot, respectively. Application of only chemical fertilizer did not cause a statistically significant change of soil glomalin compared with no fertilizer application. The changes of soil organic C （SOC） and total N （TN） contents demonstrated a similar trend to soil glomalin in these plots. The SOC and TN contents of NPKS plot were 15.01% and 9.18% higher than those of the CK plot, and 8.85% and 14.76% higher than those of the NPK plot, respectively. Rice straw return also enhanced the contents of microbial biomass C （MBC） and microbial biomass N （MBN） in the NPKS plot by 7.76% for MBC and 31.42% for MBN compared with the CK plot, and 12.66% for MBC and 15.07% for MBN compared with the NPK plots, respectively. Application of only chemical fertilizer, however, increased MBN concentration, but decreased MBC concentration in soil.     

基于FLOW-3D的田间便携式短喉槽水力性能数值模拟

田间量水是实现灌区计划用水和节水农业的关键技术,但由于试验条件、测量方法和精度的限制,传统的水工模型试验分析田间量水设施的水力性能存在一定局限性。该文基于FLOW-3D软件,采用RNG k-ε三维湍流模型、Tru VOF方法、FAVOR(fractional area volume obstacle representation)技术模拟喉口宽度为51 mm的田间便携式短喉槽过槽水流的三维流场。与试验结果对比表明:过流能力、水流流态以及水深与试验结果较为吻合,误差小于10%,采用的数值模拟方法能够有效地模拟田间便携式短喉槽水力性能,在确定数值模拟可靠性的前提下,对其水力性能进行分析。数值模拟结果显示:佛汝德数、流速在自由出流工况下沿程增大,在淹没出流条件下先增大后减小,并由佛汝德数分析结果确定了临界水深断面所在区域为喉口段后半部分;通过回归分析得到的田间便携式短喉槽上游水深与流量计算公式最大测流误差为-5.63%,满足灌区量水精度的要求;该量水槽最大水头损失占总水头的12.10%,相比于长喉道量水槽的13%较小。该研究对提高量水设备研发效率、降低研发成本与周期、促进中国灌区流量精准测量设备的推广具有实用价值。     

螺杆挤压膨化机加工农作物秸秆的试验研究

利用小型自热式单螺杆挤压膨化机对农作物秸秆进行膨化加工试验。将螺杆螺距、喷嘴出口间隙、秸秆物料含水率、秸秆物料粒度作为试验因素，经单因素试验和二次通用旋转组合试验找出其对秸秆膨化加工性能(膨化压力、生产率、度电产量等)的影响规律，并经优化设计得出最佳参数组合。利用电子显微扫描观察和分析膨化及未膨化玉米秸、豆秸的微观结构的变化，对农作物秸秆膨化机理进行了初步探讨，并通过膨化和未膨化玉米秸、豆秸的营养成分对照测试分析，证实了秸秆膨化能够改善秸秆的理化性状和营养成分，为提高秸秆的利用率和可消化率创造了条件。