High Yielding Performance of Soybean in Northern Xinjiang,China

Abstract

The experimental site (Shihezi, Xinjiang, China) is located in an arid area of central Asia with abundant solar radiation of almost 10 daily sunshine hours from April to September. The yield potential in this area appears to be high if sufficient water is supplied. The yields of five soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars including three semi-indeterminate Chinese cultivars (Shidadou 1, Xindadou 1 and Suinong 11) and two determinate Japanese cultivars (Toyomusume and Toyokomachi) were evaluated over three years. These cultivars were grown under drip irrigation, a high planting density (22.2 plants m^-2) and heavy applications of farmyard manure (15 t ha^-1). Each cultivar showed a high leaf area index (LAI). In particular, the maximum LAI was greater than 7 over the three years in Shidadou 1 and Toyokomachi. The three Chinese cultivars with a high plant height had a low LAI in the upper layers of the canopy, but the two Japanese cultivars with a short plant height had a higher LAI in the middle or upper layers. Toyokomachi and Shidadou 1 had the highest seed yield, followed by Toyomusume. In particular, the seed yield of Toyokomachi was as high as 8.67 t ha^-1 on the average of the three years. These high-yielding cultivars had more than 60 pods per plant (1350 m^-2). The high yields in this experiment could be due to the large amount of intercepted radiation owing to the high LAI and abundant solar radiation, frequent and sufficient irrigation by the drip irrigation, and large number of pods as a sink.     

Effects of Water-Saving Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The effects of nitrogen (N) application (32, 72 and 112 kg N ha-¹ in 2000, and 32, 92 and 152 kg N ha-¹ in 2001) and water-saving irrigation and their interaction on grain yield and yield components of the rice cultivar Champa-Kamphiroozi, which is a local cultivar in a semi-arid area in the south of Islamic Republic (I.R.) of Iran, were investigated. The plants were cultivated under sprinkler irrigation (1.0 ET_p and 1.5 ET_p), intermittent flooding (1-day and 2-day intervals) and continuous flooding (control). The experiments were conducted on a clay loam-clay soil under a semi-arid environment using four replications in a split plot design with irrigation method as main plots and N levels as subplots. The results indicated that intermittent flooding irrigation at 2-day intervals was as effective as continuous flooding for grain yield, showing high water-use efficiency (WUE). The soil moisture tension in the root zone before each irrigation under this condition was –300 to –400 cm. Sprinkler irrigation and intermittent flooding increased WUE by 20 to 60%, compared with continuous flooding, and the increase in N application rate to 112-152 kg ha-¹ increased grain yield under any irrigation condition. Under sprinkler irrigation, grain yield was low and percentage of unfilled grain was high, although WUE was high. However, by adopting sprinkler irrigation, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application necessary for cultivation was reduced. Furthermore, when nitrogen application must be limited due to groundwater pollution, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer necessary for cultivation can be reduced.     

Alternate Furrow Irrigation with Different Irrigation Intervals for Maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract

This research was conducted to determine the yield and water-use efficiency of maize under fixed and variable alternate furrow irrigation (fixed AFI, variable AFI) and every furrow irrigation (EFI) at different irrigation intervals in areas with shallow and deep groundwater. In variable AFI, water was applied to the furrow, which was dry in the previous irrigation cycle. The results indicated that even at 4-day irrigation intervals the water needs of maize on a fine textured soil in both areas (with deep and shallow water table) are not met by AFI. The decrease in grain yield due to water stress was mainly due to the decrease in the number of grains per cob and to a lesser extent to the decrease in 1000-grain weight. At the Kooshkak site with shallow groundwater (between 1.31 and 1.67 m), grain yields in AFI at 4- and 7-day intervals were comparable to those obtained in EFI at 7- and 10-day intervals, respectively. This might be due to the contribution of groundwater to the water use of the plant (about 5-10%). In the Badjgah area, with deep water depth, grain yield in AFI at 7-day intervals was statistically lower than that obtained in EFI at 10-day interval. In AFI, a shorter irrigation interval (4-day) may alleviate the water stress and result in no yield reduction compared with that in EFI at 7-day intervals even though water application was reduced. Furthermore, in the area with a shallow water table, AFI at 7-day intervals may be superior to EFI at 10-day irrigation intervals. When seasonal irrigation water is less than 700 mm, it may be preferable to use AFI at 10-day intervals to increase water-use efficiency, especially in areas with shallow groundwater. In general, when water was insufficient for full irrigation, the relative grain yield (yield per unit water applied) of maize under AFI was higher than those under EFI.     

Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Practices to Improve Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Minimize Leaching Losses

Summary

Nitrogen (N) is the most important nutrient for plant growth and production. Nitrogen uptake efficiency is dependent on a number of factors. Water management influences the transformation of N sources applied to the soil and transport of the nitrate form of N in the soil. Nitrate-N is the final product of N transformations and is quite mobile in soils with the water front. Leaching of nitrate below the rootzone is an economic loss and contributes to non-point source pollution of groundwater. In this chapter we summarize the factors influencing the N uptake efficiencies for various crops and production systems, and chemical and biological processes that influence the N transformation or losses. Recent advances leading to development of N and irrigation best management practices that support sustainable crop production and net returns while minimizing the non-point source nitrate pollution of ground-water are also discussed.     

Effect of Phosphorus and Irrigation Levels on Yield,Water Productivity,Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Income of Lowland Rice in Northwest Pakistan

With decreasing availability of water for agriculture and increasing demand for rice production, an optimum use of irrigation water and phosphorus may guarantee sustainable rice production. Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to investigate the effect of phosphorus and irrigation levels on yield, water productivity (WP), phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and income of low land rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements replicated four times. Main plot consisted of five phosphorus levels, viz. 0 (P0), 50 (P50), 100 (P100), 150 (P150), and 200 (P200) kg/hm2, while subplots contained of irrigation times, i.e. 8 (I8), 10 (I10), 12 (I12), and 14 (I14) irrigation levels, each with a water depth of 7.5 cm. Mean values revealed that P150 in combination with I10 produced the highest paddy yield (9.8 t/hm2) and net benefit (1 231.8 US$/hm2) among all the treatments. Phosphorus enhanced WP when applied in appropriate combination with irrigation level. The highest mean WP [13.3 kg/(hm2?mm)] could be achieved at P150 with I8 and decreased with increase in irrigation level, while the highest mean PUE (20.1 kg/kg) could be achieved at P100 with I10 and diminished with higher P levels. The overall results indicate that P150 along with I10 was the best combination for sustainable rice cultivation in silty clay soil.     

青梗菜喷灌周年栽培技术

青梗菜采用喷灌栽培技术能大大提高种植效益,适合基地化栽培.从品种选择、整地和布管、播种、田间管理等方面总结了青梗菜喷灌周年栽培技术.     

酿酒葡萄膜下滴灌土壤水分分布规律的研究

[目的]研究膜下滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额对酿酒葡萄土壤水分的动态变化规律的影响.[方法]通过田间试验,以不覆膜为对照,研究覆膜条件下酿酒葡萄不同生育期土壤水分动态变化规律.[结果]覆膜能有效保证土壤水分不易散失.土壤水分大多集中在20～60 cm的深度.7～8月是葡萄生长发育旺盛和葡萄果实膨大、着色、成熟的关键时期.[结论]膜下滴灌是保证葡萄增产节水的重要措施.保持20 ～60 cm土层适宜的土壤含水量是葡萄生产的重要因素.7～8月应适时加大灌溉量并缩短灌水周期,满足葡萄生长的需要.     

宁夏灌区节水影响因素及节水途径研究

灌区节水潜力主要取决于节水工程的投入、节水灌溉技术推广应用程度、灌区需水程度、管理水平等因素.节水的主要途径有高效利用浅层地下水、开源与节流并重;衬砌输水渠道、推广田间节水灌溉技术、降低作物的经济需水量;调整作物种植结构、降低灌区结构需水量;改善耕作制度、培育和推广节水抗旱优良品种、覆盖保墒、减少生物耗水量,并加强灌溉管理和调控水价促进节水.只有采取多项综合实用措施,才能达到良好的节水效果.     

局部根区灌溉水肥耦合效应的研究进展

综述了局部根区灌溉水肥耦合效应的研究背景、研究进展。局部根区灌溉水肥耦合在节水条件下可以提高作物对水分、养分的利用率,稳定作物产量,提高品质;有利于降低硝态氮的淋洗,增加耕层残留,增加被作物吸收利用的机会;有利于减少土壤气态氮挥发,防止对大气环境的污染。同时,该方式可以增加土壤微生物数量,提高土壤酶活性等。     

局部根区灌溉的植物生理效应

概述了局部根区灌溉的研究背景和理论基础,综述了局部根区灌溉对植物的水分利用、光合能力、植物生长发育等的影响,并对今后相关领域的工作进行了展望。