The Caldenal ecosystem: Effects of a prescribed burning on soil chemical properties

Before and after a prescribed burning, the upper 2.5 cm of soil in patches of forage, nonforage, and shrub vegetation were sampled. Then, bulk density, gravimetric moisture, pH in water, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations, cationic exchange capacity, total nitrogen, total, particulate, and mineral organic carbon contents were determined. Maximum temperature ranges reached over the ground during burning were measured and the highest values were registered in shrubs. Results showed that total, particulate, and mineral organic carbon and total nitrogen contents and percent base saturation increased in all soils after burning, without detecting differential effects between vegetation patches. After burning, available phosphorus content increased both for forage and shrub patches. A Na⁺ content decrease was observed for all soils in the different patches while Mg²⁺ content increased. No changes in the other analyzed variables were observed. Prescribed burning, as studied in the present work, might improve the Caldenal soils’ chemical fertility, mainly due to an increase in labile organic matter and some nutrients essential for plant growth.     

半干旱区全膜覆盖垄沟间作种植马铃薯和豆科作物的水热及产量效应

【目的】间套作是克服马铃薯连作障碍、提高降水利用效率和农田生产力的有效途径,但在半干旱旱作区发展间套作,必须选择基于水分承载力的模式。【方法】依托4年大田定位试验,测定全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯单作（PM）、马铃薯蚕豆间作（PF）、马铃薯豌豆间作（PS）和马铃薯扁豆间作（PH）的土壤温度、土壤贮水量、作物产量等指标,计算耗水量、经济收益和水分经济收益率,明确其产量和水分效应,并评价其农田水分持续性。【结果】间作有利于缓解6-7月份的高温胁迫,在2012-2014年,PF、PS和PH处理在该时期0-25 cm土层的土壤温度较PM处理下降0.8-3.6℃、0.4-2.8℃和0.8-1.8℃。间作促进作物利用深层土壤水分,在干旱和平水年的耗水深度达200 cm。与马铃薯单作相比,PF处理使花前耗水增加41.6-131.7 mm,而使干旱（2011）和平水年份（2012）的花后耗水分别减少48.6 mm和34.3 mm;PH同样增加了花前耗水,但花后耗水量和单作处理无显著差异;PS的花前花后耗水量介于二者之间。PH的经济收益和水分经济收益率最高,分别较马铃薯单作增加了29.8%-51.4%和19.8%-24.0%。4个处理0-200 cm土层土壤贮水量在4年期间增加了100 mm以上,表明全膜覆盖条件下马铃薯和豆科作物间作种植,对土壤水分的年际平衡无显著负影响。【结论】PH能够降低6-7月高温期间0-25 cm土层的土壤温度,增加马铃薯花后耗水量,增产效果显著,并对土壤水分持续性无明显负面影响,可作为西北黄土高原半干旱区较为理想的间作模式推广应用。     

Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Response to ESN and Urea Application in a No-Till Barley Cropping System

We investigated the effect of environmentally smart nitrogen (ESN) fertilizer on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions under no-till barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production over 3 years at three sites in Alberta, Canada. Treatments included two barley cultivars, with ESN and urea applied at 1× and 1.5× the recommended rate, and herbicide at 50% and 100% of registered in-crop rates. Cumulative N₂O emissions over the growing season were low (0.11 to 1.32 kg nitrogen (N) per hectare or 0.05–0.22 g N kg^?1 grain yield), and not affected by barley cultivars or herbicide rates in all nine site-years, nor by fertilizer type or rate in seven out of nine site-years. However, average N₂O emissions from ESN were 15% lower (P = 0.05) than urea across all site-years. Our results suggest ESN could play a role in reducing N₂O emissions, but the reduction will depend on rainfall events and crop N utilization.     

不同覆膜栽培方式对旱地土壤水热效应及西瓜产量的影响

【目的】西瓜是黄土高原旱地的主要经济作物之一,近年来种植面积逐年扩大。但该区域降水总量不足且时空分布不均,西瓜生产中常遭受前期干旱和后期涝害而导致减产。本研究针对黄土高原旱作区水资源缺乏的现状,采用垄沟种植,改变栽培方式和覆膜方式,探索适宜西瓜生长的集雨高产栽培模式,实现有效汇集天然降水,以改善土壤水热效应,提高西瓜产量。【方法】2011-2013在甘肃省庆阳市宁县太昌乡开展试验,研究不同覆膜栽培方式对旱地土壤水分、土壤温度和西瓜产量的影响。试验设全覆膜垄上播种（RM）、全覆膜垄上沟播（GM）、全覆膜沟播（TG）、半覆膜垄上沟播（GH）和半覆膜垄上播种（RH）5个处理,采用随机区组排列,以RH为对照,3次重复。起垄后垄宽100 cm,沟宽30 cm。垄上沟播处理中,集水沟宽20 cm,深10 cm。采用Stow Away Tidbit Temp Logger测定5、10和15 cm土层土壤温度,烘干法测定0-100 cm土层土壤含水量。种植密度为7 692株/hm²。【结果】土壤含水量的变化受集雨作用和西瓜生长影响。在幼苗期,TG、GM和GH处理0-10 cm土壤含水量分别较RH提高41.41%、37.82和32.69%。伸蔓期TG、RM和GH处理0-40 cm土层土壤含水量分别较RH提高13.91%、10.61%和6.75%,结果期GM和GH处理0-40 cm土壤含水量分别较RH提高8.50%和5.49%。成熟期GM、GH、TG和RM处理0-40 cm土壤含水量分别较RH提高10.51%、10.33%、4.98%和3.66%,土壤储水量由高到低依次为GH＞GM＞TG＞RM＞RH。不同处理的温度日变化呈“S”型负正弦曲线,随土壤深度的增加,曲线的振幅减小,相位后移,周期增长。日均温度从大到小依次为RM＞RH＞GM＞TG＞GH。土层每加深5 cm,各处理温度日变化曲线相位依次推移1 h。垄上温度均高于垄沟,垄上土壤温度以处理RM最高。不同栽培方式的保温效果从大到小依次为GM＞TG＞GH＞RH＞RM。GM处理连续两年产量最高,平均较RH提高10.34%,GH处理3年平均产量较RH提高7.66%,增产幅度依次为GM＞GH＞RM＞TG。GM和GH能够有效富集降雨,增产作用显著。【结论】3年的试验验证了不同覆膜栽培的集雨效果、土壤增温效果和西瓜增产效果,全膜和半膜覆盖垄上沟播模式能够起到集雨增温保墒的作用,可提高西瓜产量。其推广应用可有效提高该区降水资源的高效利用,实现西瓜稳产高产,可作为黄土高原旱地西瓜生产的高效栽培新模式。     

黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究

【目的】以黄土高原半干旱区有限降水持续高效利用为目标,研究不同覆膜方式下连作玉米（Zea May L.）的产量表现和水分利用特征,揭示其增产机理,明确不同覆膜方式下有利于土壤水分持续高效利用的连作年限,为试区高产、水分高效持续利用型玉米连作技术提供理论依据。【方法】以田间定位试验为基础,量化连作玉米农田土壤水分的年际平衡关系、产量稳定性;以持续高产和收获期不发生土壤干燥化为依据,确定适用于不同覆膜方式的玉米连作年限。【结果】3年试验结果表明,全膜双垄沟播具有良好的保墒、提高土壤水分有效性,利于协调关键生育时期土壤-作物的水分供需关系,提高产量和水分利用效率的作用。与半膜平作处理相比,全膜双垄沟播玉米的籽粒产量、水分利用效率分别提高了41.8%和33.4%,生物产量、单位耗水的干物质累积量、总产值、净产值、毫米水产值和产投比分别提高了21.8%、12.3%、31.2%、27.8%、21.1%和-3.2%;与露地栽培处理相比生物产量、单位耗水的干物质累积量、总产值、净产值、毫米水产值和产投比分别提高了24.9%、39.1%、225.5%、1 423.9%、212.4%和93.5%。地膜覆盖增大了玉米全生育时期的耗水量,全膜双垄沟播、全膜平作和半膜平作耗水量较露地栽培增幅分别为15.5%-29.2%、10.0%-20.8%和4.2%-12.6%。单季较高的耗水量导致3种覆盖处理在连作第二年收获期土壤贮水量较连作开始期分别降低了37.3%、33.5%和30.9%,第三年降低了29.6%、27.5%和23.9%,造成土壤水分亏缺;随着连作年限的延长,土壤水分亏缺累计,出现土壤干化现象,引起产量波动,不利于土壤水分的持续利用。【结论】黄土高原半干旱区,在同等降雨条件下,全膜双垄沟播具有明显的增产增效和提高水分利用效率的作用,是理想的玉米种植模式;当年降雨量在320 mm左右时,全膜双垄沟播玉米连作不宜超过2年,全膜平作、半膜平作玉米的连作时间不宜超过3年。     

黄土高原半干旱区覆膜玉米农田氮变化动态研究

为了进一步明确黄土高原半干旱区覆膜农田氮素循环变化动态及其机理,以夏玉米为研究对象,采用大田试验研究了覆膜管理对植株氮素(全氮)和土壤氮素(无机氮、全氮)变化动态的影响。试验结果表明:1)覆膜和不覆膜处理土壤NO₃^--N含量随玉米生育期的推进表现出近似斜“N”的变化规律。2)相对于不覆膜处理而言,覆膜处理地上部分氮素积累量表现出倒“V”型变化趋势。成熟期不覆膜处理茎叶中氮素残留较多,即将氮素更多地用于营养生长;而覆膜能使植株吸收的氮素更多地转移到籽粒中去,更多地用于生殖生长。3)对于不同土壤剖面不覆膜处理土壤全氮含量而言,覆膜处理随玉米生育期的推进表现出相似的“W”型变化规律。且随土壤深度增加,变化规律有所延迟。三叶期至拔节期由于植物根系长度限制出现下降趋势;拔节期至籽粒形成期,由于覆膜能够改善土壤水热状况进而影响土壤中氮素分布,故出现上升趋势;籽粒形成期至成熟期变化规律与植物地上部分总氮含量恰好相反,说明该阶段土壤中全氮变化与玉米的生长状况密切相关。根据本研究结果,覆膜对玉米生育前期土壤氮素变化影响较大,生育后期土壤氮素变化主要与玉米生长状况密切相关,且覆膜有助于提高玉米的产量和营养品质。     

Influence of vegetation parameters on runoff and sediment characteristics in patterned Artemisia capillaris plots

Vegetation patterns are important in the regulation of earth surface hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas. Laboratory-simulated rainfall experiments were used at the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Yangling, northwestern China, to quantify the effects of Artemisia capillaris patterns on runoff and soil loss. The quantitative relationships between runoff/sediment yield and vegeta- tion parameters were also thoroughly analyzed using the path analysis method for identifying the reduction mechanism of vegetation on soil erosion. A simulated rainfall intensity of 90 mm/h was applied on a control plot without vegetation(C0) and on the other three different vegetation distribution patterns: a checkerboard pattern(CP), a banded pattern perpendicular to the slope direction(BP), and a single long strip parallel to the slope direction(LP). Each patterned plot received two sets of experiments, i.e. intact plants and roots only, respectively. All treatments had three replicates. The results showed that all the three other different patterns(CP, BP and LP) of A. capillaris could effectively reduce the runoff and sediment yield. Compared with C0, the other three intact plant plots had a 12%–25% less runoff and 58%–92% less sediment. Roots contributed more to sediment reduction(46%–70%), whereas shoots contributed more to runoff reduction(57%–81%). BP and CP exhibited preferable controlling effects on soil erosion compared with LP. Path analysis indicated that root length density and plant number were key pa- rameters influencing runoff rate, while root surface area density and root weight density were central indicators affecting sediment rate. The results indicated that an appropriate increase of sowing density has practical signifi- cance in conserving soil and water.     

半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质的特征研究

通过对半干旱退化山区不同土地利用方式的土壤理化性质的调查研究.得出不同土地利用措施土壤机械成分表现出一定的差异性,在0-40 cm土层,88542整地和人工草地的粗砂粒平均含量高于天然草地;在0-100 cm土层,最大田间持水量:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管持水量:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤总孔隙度:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;毛管孔隙度:人工草地＞人工林地＞天然草地;土壤的透气性:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.在0-100 cm土层:有机质的含量为:人工林地＞天然草地＞人工草地;土壤碱解氮的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地;土壤速效磷的含量变化为:人工林地＞人工草地＞天然草地.结果表明,合理的土地利用方式,改善了土壤结构和肥力,增加土壤的通透性,改变土壤水肥气热状况,其中人工造林整地对土壤容重、持水量、土壤养分的促进作用均优于其它利用方式,有利于植被的快速恢复.     

半干旱地区土地退化遥感动态监测方法-以吉林省通榆县为例

在RS和GIS集成技术支持下 ,选取位于半干旱地带的土地退化典型地区 -吉林省通榆县 ,利用不同时相的TM卫星数据 ,采用噪声白化变换提取光谱特征 ,选用植被、盐碱地、裸沙地、沼泽土、苇地作为最终光谱单元进行线性混合光谱分解 ,依据盐碱地和裸沙地加权和分量 ,将试点区的土地退化划分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化四个等级进行动态监测 ,并对土地退化的数量、空间分布与动态过程进行了分析。这一研究方法与结果可为半干旱地区的土地退化监测与生态建设提供科学方法和依据。     

半干旱地区沙地景观破碎化趋势分析--以科尔沁沙地为例

采用RS和GIS手段,对科尔沁沙地典型地区不同时期的农田和固定沙丘景观数量和形状破碎化的趋势进行分析,结果表明：农业生产活动对农田景观的影响丰要表现在对斑块数量破碎化的影响,而对斑块形状破碎化的影响不大。放牧过程对固定沙丘景观破碎化的影响非常显著,这一过程不仅影响到斑块数量破碎化,而且也影响到斑块形状破碎化。回归分析结果,二者为较复杂的抛物线型关系。此外,沙漠化过程对农田和固定沙丘景观破碎化影响的关联分析表明,沙漠化过程与所有的破碎化指数呈负关联。其中,除农田形状破碎化指数外,其他破碎化指数与沙漠化过程无显著的关联,说明随着沙漠化程度的增大,农田斑块的形状简单化的趋势也加强。