松原龙华松花江特大桥悬浇施工风载分析

采用Ansys程序对龙华松花江特大桥施工悬浇阶段刚构桥墩进行风荷载内力分析,保证其结构在自重和静阵风荷载下可以安全施工.     

Estimated stocks of organic carbon in mangrove roots and sediments in Hinchinbrook Channel,Australia

Aboveground and belowground root biomasses (Babove and Broot) were measured for young, isolated Rhizophorastylosa on Iriomote Island, Japan. The relationship between these two parameters was significant and given as the equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 0.394 × Babove(g dry weight) – 485 (r = 0.986). Multiple regression analyses also revealed good correlation between diameter and biomass of prop roots (Dprop and Bprop) and between prop root and root biomasses. Consequently, root biomass could be estimated from the measurements of diameter and biomass of prop roots using the multiple regression equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 80.0 ×Dprop(cm) + 0.86 ×Bprop (g dry weight) – 251. The relationship between DBH (diameter at breast height) and prop root biomass was also adequately described using an allometric equation.In Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia, redox potential (measured as Eh) and organic carbon stocks in the top 5cm of mangrove sediments were measured along a 600m transect from the frequently inundated, Rhizophora dominated zone on the creek edge, towards higher grounds, where Ceriops spp. became increasingly dominant. Eh values were about –60mV near the creek edge and increased to 260mV on higher grounds. Organic carbon stocks showed an opposite trend to Eh, with the values decreasing from about 360tCha–1 to 160tCha–1. At 18 sites, representing six different habitats, organic carbon stocks were also measured along with the DBH of mangrove trees. DBH was converted into aboveground biomass and then into root biomass using the equations obtained in the study on Iriomote Island. The average organic carbon stocks in the top 50 cm of sediments, aboveground biomass and root biomass were 296tCha–1, 123 tCha–1 and 52 tCha–1, respectively, and accounted for 64%, 25% and 11% of the total organic carbon stock.     

简述钢管混凝土

介绍了钢管混凝土结构的特点、研究现状及其工程应用。     

Load behaviors of a prefabricated wood framing house during lifting and transportation

Lifting for handling and flatbed truck transportation to the job site are important processes during manufacture of prefabri-cated wooden construction units like mini homes and building modules. Significant damage can occur to sections or components of units during these operations. Although damage usually will not impair its structural safety, it is costly to fix and causes the public to perceive prefabricated wooden buildings as low quality products. Field observations and preliminary numerical models for prefabri-cated units subject to lifting and transportation forces are summarized here. Once fully developed and verified, models will support the creation of damage mitigation strategies centered on structural details indicating how units are to be supported during lifting and transportation.     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

东北林蛙满负荷放养技术

本文提出了东北林蛙养殖新模式——满负荷放养,并对该养殖模式的标准化蛙场基础设施建设、计划放养和科学管理等主要技术环节进行了详细介绍,可为林蛙养殖提供借鉴。     

中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型的建立及其应用

借助物质流分析中"输入=输出+盈余"的物质守恒原理,以氮素养分为介质建立中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型,然后用2004年中国农业统计资料和文献查询获取的参数,估算中国不同地区的氮养分输入输出以及养分盈余并分析养分产生的环境效应。模型计算结果表明,2004年农田生态系统通过挥发、反硝化、植株蒸腾、淋溶径流和侵蚀等途径损失的氮为1132.8万t,盈余在农田生态系统土壤中的氮为1301.2万t;通过损失途径进入环境中的氮养分和盈余在农田生态系统中的单位面积耕地氮养分负荷高风险地区均集中在中国的东南沿海和部分中部地区。优化化学氮肥用量,有机氮肥与化学氮肥配合施用是降低农田生态系统氮养分污染潜势的最基本措施,针对中国不同地区因地制宜地制定合理种植结构和推广农田精准化施肥也是十分必要的。     

丘陵山地拖拉机加载仿形试验台设计

针对丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统试验条件复杂,过程繁琐以及重复性较差等问题,设计一种室内加载仿形试验台。该试验台由安装位置可调整的坡地仿形模块与辅助装置、模拟加载模块以及测控系统等功能模块组成,在电液伺服控制系统的作用下模拟丘陵山地拖拉机的作业坡度和耕作阻力,测试拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统性能。以TS-404H拖拉机为试验对象,坡地等高线为作业路线,运用该试验系统进行丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂系统的坡地自适应调整试验,对试验台系统的坡地仿形模块和模拟加载模块进行试验验证。结果表明:在预定坡度目标0°~15°范围内,该试验台仿形模块模拟坡度的最大误差为4.2%,平均误差为3.8%,调整时间1.2 s,超调量为9%;当模拟土壤阻力为6.5 kN时,加载模块的响应时间为1.2 s、最大误差4%,平均误差2%,能够满足中小型丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统对试验设备的性能要求。     

国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法研究

空间尺度上,种植业面源污染负荷估算可用分为田块尺度、流域尺度和区域尺度。国家尺度属于区域尺度范畴,是掌握整个国家种植业源污染负荷概况、检验种植业面源污染防治措施成效、预测面源污染发展趋势的重要尺度。本文综述了国家尺度上种植业面源污染负荷估算的研究方法,主要包括输出系数法、改进输出系数法、多元回归法、贝叶斯递归回归树模型、过程模型模拟法等,并利用以上方法对我国种植业面源污染负荷进行估算。其中氮素径流损失估算结果在0.30～2.40 Tg之间,氮素淋洗损失为0.36～2.03 Tg,磷素径流损失为3.5～6.37 Mg。指出了我国国家尺度种植业面源污染流失量估算方法存在以下主要问题:源头排放未区分背景排放和肥料排放,也未考虑南方一年多熟制排放差异,过程削减未充分考虑沿程消纳。为此,提出我国国家尺度种植业面源污染负荷估算方法应进一步明细各土地利用输出系数、区分背景排放和肥料排放,考虑我国熟制的区域差异、考虑田块到流域出口的沿程削减。     

虾塘养殖对红树林沉积物和间隙水理化性质的影响

红树林湿地在近海水体营养控制和营养盐循环过程中扮演着重要的角色。沉积物、水体和植被相互作用共同维持其生态功能的运转,了解虾塘养殖对林下沉积物和间隙水养分特征影响对评价红树林生态功能具有重要指导意义。本研究以受虾塘养殖废水排放不同影响程度的红树林（无排放区、直排区、修复区）为研究样地,通过不同生境下沉积物与间隙水养分特征的分析,探讨虾塘养殖对他们的影响。结果如下：1）受虾塘养殖废水排放影响区中（直排区、修复区）红树林下沉积物TN与OM、TP呈正相关关系,虾塘养殖废水直排对林下沉积物具有明显酸化作用;2)NH4+-N是红树林下间隙水可溶性无机氮（DIN）的主要组成形式,无排放区沉积物还原性较强,更利于NH4+-N累积在间隙水中;NO3--N与DIN呈极显著相关,虾塘养殖废水排放增强了NO3--N、NO2--N和DIN的累积效应。研究结果表明沉积物和间隙水的理化性质可作为评价虾塘养殖区边邻红树林生境变化规律的定量指标之一。