中国养殖水产品供给特征分析

通过对1985年至2004年的水产养殖产量分品种、分产区进行分类统计分析,发现我国养殖水产品供给呈现以下特点:(1)水产养殖产量快速增长;(2)海水养殖占水产养殖产量的比例逐渐上升;(3)养殖品种趋同性问题仍未根本改善;(4)特种水产品产量提高较快;(5)沿海地区、长江和珠江流域等传统养殖区仍是我国主要水产养殖区。文章最后对我国水产养殖存在的问题以及发展对策展开了讨论。     

拔节-孕穗期淹涝胁迫对水稻生长的后效影响

为探究每年7-8月（拔节-孕穗期）洪涝淹没对水稻生长的后效影响,以Ⅱ优898为试验对象,在安徽新马桥农水试验站开展为期2 a的水稻淹涝胁迫试验。试验设置了具有不同淹水深度（半淹、3/4淹、全淹）和淹水持续时间（5、7、9 d）组合的9个试验组,以及正常控水的对照组。在淹水胁迫结束后,对后胁迫时期水稻的叶片光合特性、根系生长情况、植株干物质分配和相应产量进行了多次观测。结果表明,淹涝胁迫在一定程度上抑制了叶片气孔导度和光合速率,但在胁迫解除后会逐渐恢复甚至出现补偿现象,其恢复进程受前期淹涝程度影响。淹涝胁迫使水稻的干物质分配策略更倾向于叶和茎,并随着前期淹涝程度加重而愈发明显;在复水后第20天,半淹组的平均茎叶干物质分配系数相比于对照组增加了7.9%,而全淹组则增加了32.9%。水稻产量与其在后胁迫时期的茎叶干物质分配系数存在显著的相关关系,相关系数为0.875（P=0.023）;水稻产量随着茎叶干物质分配系数的增加、叶片气孔导度和光合速率的减小而减少。该研究针对拔节-孕穗期发生的淹涝胁迫,重点对后胁迫时期水稻的光合特性及干物质分配策略进行了分析,初步探讨了水稻涝害减产的潜在机理,为提出稻田涝后减灾管理措施提供了一定的理论依据。     

EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT LEVELS OF CADMIUM PRIMARILY IMPACTS TRANSPIRATION IN FIELD-GROWN SOYBEAN

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal released into agricultural settings primarily due to human activities. Cadmium is readily taken up by plants from the soil and has been shown to result in numerous changes to plant growth and physiology. In this study we examined the physiological effect of environmentally relevant levels of cadmium on field-grown soybean (Glycine max). No significant differences in carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation response to leaf internal CO₂ concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, or growth parameters were observed. However, we did observe an increase in sap flow, a real-time measure of transpiration. Consistent with increased sap flow there was a significant increase in total daily sap flow and peak sap flow between the control and cadmium-treated plants. Our results suggest that treatment with environmentally relevant levels of cadmium primarily impacts transpiration.     

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种氮代谢关键酶活性和植株氮磷钾积累的影响

该研究以不同品种的中稻为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨 Cd胁迫对不同水稻品种分蘖期几种氮代谢关键酶活性和植株氮磷钾积累量的差异性。结果表明：镉胁迫能够提高分蘖期水稻体内 NPK含量,分别以深两优5867,甬优5550和武运粳27的提高幅度最高。同时镉胁迫一定程度上也促进了 NR, GS,GOGAT 活性的提高。就 NR活性而言,镉胁迫明显地促进了以黄华占和甬优538NR活性的提高,对武运粳27,深两优5867,甬优5550影响不明显,但相互间的差异都没达到显著水平。而对于 GS活性,其中以镉正常处理下 GS活性较低的黄华占和武运粳27对镉胁迫最为敏感,镉胁迫促进了他们 GS活性的增加,且两处理间差异达到极显著。但对镉正常处理下 GS活性较高的深两优5867和甬优5550表现出抑制作用,但是相互间差异不明显。而且镉胁迫下的任一品种,相互间 GS差异并未达到显著水平。     

稀释海水灌溉的芦荟中矿质营养与有效成分分布情况研究

With increasing demand for irrigation water, agricultural scientists and planners pay more attention to the utilization of diluted seawater as an alternative source for irrigation of crops. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study how seawater stress（SS） affects growth, water content, cationic accumulation, and active ingredients in leaves of Aloe vera after 30 d of growth in nutrient media with 0%（control）, 22%（22% SS）, and 42%（42% SS） seawater stress. Results indicated the SS did not change dry biomass of leaves and stems, but gradually decreased biomass allocation to roots with increasing seawater stress. Na^＋ and Cl^- in A. vera plant did not increase obviously with a big increase in seawater percentage due to low transpiration of Aloe vera. 42% SS decreased N concentration in most plant organs, but did not change or increased P concentration. Seawater stress tended to decrease concentrations of K^＋ and Ca^2＋ in A. vera. However, seawater salinity tended to increase the concentrations of aloin concentration in top（young） and middle leaves, and there was no significant effect of both stresses on aloin concentration in base（old） leaves. The 42% SS treatment decreased polysaccharide concentrations only in the base leaves, but not in top and middle leaves. In summary, supplying suitably diluted seawater for 30 d could increase the qualities and value of A. vera, without substantial effects on shoot dry biomass production.     

植物DREB转录因子的研究进展

DREB转录因子是一类可以调控多个与干旱、高盐及低温耐性有关的功能基因表达的转录因子家族。主要介绍植物DREB转录因子基因的研究进展。     

利用海水汲取液的沼液正渗透浓缩技术

为实现沼液浓缩以提高其应用价值,该试验以海水作为汲取液,采用正渗透技术对山东某海滨猪场的沼液进行浓缩。试验结果表明,正渗透浓缩倍数为2时的膜通量最高可达到9.5 L/(m2·h);沼液浓缩后的总含盐量、总钾、总磷、总氮、化学需氧量的回收率均可以达到96.7%以上,在保证较高膜通量的条件下沼液体积最高可减小为原液的1/4;对数据拟合分析的结果表明,在沼液浓缩倍数为3时,正渗透膜具有较高的浓缩效率,可达到3.9 L2/(m2·h·g)。综上,采用正渗透技术对沼液进行浓缩的方式是可行的,这不仅缓解了沼液不能及时消纳所造成的资源浪费,而且还可以提高沼液作为肥料的应用价值。     

Effects of temperature, irradiance, salinity and inorganic nitrogen concentration on coral zooxanthellae in culture

SUMMARY: Effects of temperature, irradiation, salinity and inorganic nitrogen concentration on two cultured strains of zooxanthellae isolated from the corals Pocillopora damicornis (strain P) and Montipora verrucosa (strain M) were studied. Each strain showed different growth responses in terms of temperature and light intensity. A maximum growth rate of strain P, 1.2 per day, was observed at 32°C under all light intensities examined (5–40 μEm⁻²s⁻¹). However, its photosystem 2 activity (FRI) was higher at 28°C than at 32°C under most light intensities. In contrast, the growth rate of strain M was affected more by light intensity and was almost invariably affected at all temperatures examined (24–36°C). Both algal strains had a comparable growth rate and FRI at salinities from 20 to 35 PSU under moderate temperature and irradiant conditions. High temperature and low irradiation reduced the algal tolerance against low salinity. The gross photosynthesis per cell was not affected by the ammonium enrichment more than 5 μM per day although the cellular chlorophyll a content and cell density increased in proportion with the ammonium enrichment up to 20 μM per day. A potential response of zooxanthellae to the multiple environmental stresses was shown from these results.     

拟南芥VHA-c基因在非生物胁迫响应中的作用

利用RT-PCR技术检测VHA-c基因对高盐、水和ABA胁迫的响应,结果表明所有的VHA-c基因都参与了V-ATPase的抗盐胁迫反应;在响应水胁迫的反应中VHA-c2、VHA-c4和VHA-c5基因的表达量增加;在ABA胁迫反应中VHA-c1,VHA-c2,VHA-c3和VHA-c4基因的表达水平均提高,但是VHA-c1和VHA-c3基因只在早期的ABA胁迫中增加其表达量。