Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

影响静止中心(QC)细胞分裂的EMS突变体库构建与筛选分析

采用正向遗传学方法,以转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis)SCRGVG UAS∶∶axr3-1为材料来进行EMS诱变。通过外源施加激素DEX诱导GVG/UAS系统启动axr3-1在静止中心表达,导致静止中心发生分裂。通过构建EMS突变体库,得到2 616份M2代候选突变体家系。对M2代种子进行初筛得到43个候选家系。经过复筛,获得22个具有稳定表型的突变体家系。根据表型相似性将候选家系分为5类,共6组。将候选家系进行组内杂交,根据F1代植株表型是否与亲本相似,获得2对等位突变体。这些突变体将为研究干细胞小生境的调控机制研究提供新材料。     

双季稻最佳磷肥和钾肥用量与密度组合研究

【目的】为明确磷肥、钾肥用量和移栽密度对双季稻的施用效果,在田间试验条件下研究了不同磷肥用量、钾肥用量和移栽密度组合对江西双季稻产量、产量构成要素及磷肥和钾肥利用率的影响。【方法】本研究采用裂区试验设计研究了不同施磷量和移栽密度、不同施钾量和移栽密度对双季稻产量、磷肥和钾肥利用率的影响。磷肥用量和移栽密度试验中,设4个施磷水平(P2O5 0、60、90、120 kg/hm2,以P0、P60、P90和P120表示)和4种移栽密度(21×104、27×104、33×104、39×104 穴/hm2,以D21、D27、D33和D39表示)组合。钾肥用量和移栽密度试验中,设4个施钾水平(K2O 0、90、120、150 kg/hm2,以K0、K90、K120和K150表示),密度设置同磷肥试验。在水稻成熟期对产量以及产量构成要素进行测定,并分析其磷素和钾素的吸收量和利用率等指标。【结果】磷肥与密度试验中,同一施磷水平下,早稻产量和地上部磷素吸收量随着移栽密度的增加而增加,当施磷量超过60 kg/hm2时,产量和磷素吸收量不再随密度增加而显著增加,磷素吸收利用率(REP)、磷素农学效率(AEP)和磷素偏生产力(PFPP)逐步降低,以P60D39处理组合的产量和磷素吸收利用率最高,分别为5303.9 kg/hm2和24.4%,AEP为29.4 kg/kg; 晚稻则以施磷量在60 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2密度组合的产量和磷素吸收利用率最高,分别为7246.9 kg/hm2和42.4%,AEP为36.2 kg/kg。钾肥与密度试验中,早稻的钾素吸收量随着施钾量的增加而增加,施钾量在120 kg/hm2和39×104 穴/hm2密度组合的处理产量和钾素吸收利用率(REK)最高,分别为6376.3 kg/hm2和67.2%,此时钾素农学效率(AEK)为15.6 kg/kg; 晚稻则以施钾量在90 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2密度组合的处理产量和REK最佳,分别为7025.6 kg/hm2和74.0%,AEK为21.7 kg/kg。【结论】合理的磷肥、钾肥用量和移栽密度可以显著增加水稻单位面积有效穗数和养分累积量,进而增加水稻产量和肥料利用率,但过高的磷肥和钾肥施用会抑制产量的进一步增加。建议本研究区域的早稻采用施磷量在60 kg/hm2、施钾量120 kg/hm2和39×104穴/hm2的密度组合,而晚稻采用施磷量60 kg/hm2、施钾量90 kg/hm2和33×104 穴/hm2的密度组合。     

天然杨桦用材林高效经营技术研究

选择不同林分类型和立地条件,按不同经营密度分别设立固定标准地,开展立地类型划分和最适密度选择。同时,在固定标准地内,对林分生长性状、形质指标、干物质积累量、枯枝落叶分解量及养分归还量进行连续定位观测。结果表明:经营密度对林分生长、干物质积累和枯枝落叶分解影响较大,且以中等经营密度(0.7)效果最理想。在立地类型划分、最适经营密度选择、密度效应分析、径级-株数分布规律研究的基础上,针对不同培育目标,分别提出不同立地条件下天然杨桦(胶合板材、普通建筑材、纸浆材)用材林高效经营技术,为科学经营存量种质资源,最大限度提高森林生产力奠定理论基础。     

密度泛函法研究金丝桃素的结构特性与光活性

采用密度泛函法（Density functional theory method,DFT）在6-31G＊基组水平上对金丝桃素（Hypericin,4,4′,5,5′,7,7′-六羟基-2,2′M甲基-中位-萘骈二蒽酮,化学式为C30H16O8）的分子结构、轨道能量、电荷布居、红外图谱等进行了研究,并对分子中的不同氢键类型以及光活性的本质特性进行了讨论;同时对部分计算结果与实验数据进行了对比分析.结果表明,金丝桃素易于与生物分子发生作用从而破坏病变分子;理论计算的数据与一些已知的实验数据具有较好的吻合性,说明计算结果有效.     

积雪特性参数分析及雪深模型建立

通过2015~2016年冬季积雪观测试验,测量自然条件下雪深、雪层温度、雪层密度、雪层液态含水率等积雪特性参数,分析积雪特性参数影响因子和发育变化规律,构建径向基神经网络雪深模型。结果表明,空气、地表温度及水汽压是影响雪参数发育三大主要气象因子。在时长为124 d覆雪期中,雪深最大平均融雪速率达3.20 mm·d-1,出现在融雪后期。雪层密度随雪深增加波浪式上升,其中稳定期全层密度0.1~0.4 g·cm-3;雪层液态含水率0.5%~3.5%,分层液态含水率中层较大,积雪表层和底部波动较小;全层积雪孔隙率平均值为72.3%,积底层孔隙率廓线下降最快,极差最大。经两次优化后,雪深模型最大绝对误差为0.614 1 cm,最大相对误差为5.85%,模拟精度控制在6 mm以内。     

密度和播期对杂交玉米遵糯4号鲜穗数的影响

采用206最优回归设计方案,研究了不同密度和播期对遵糯4号鲜穗数的影响。结果表明:在试验设置的密度和播期范围内,随二因素升高,鲜穗数先升后降。综合考虑,密度在55 500~64 500株/hm2、播期在4月12—18日水平区间内,有利于遵糯4号鲜穗数的提高。     

浅析灌溉对作物根系及产量的影响

结合文献资料,从作物根系的水平分布、垂直分布、硝态氮运移及产量等几个方面,概述了不同灌溉量和灌溉方式对作物的影响,分析了滴灌、渗灌等微灌技术的应用。最后,针对经济林木生产的实际现状,进行了展望：探索一种成本低、简单易操作、便于推广应用的灌溉措施更具有理论和实践意义。     

施肥方式对不同密度下玉米光合生理的影响

为进一步研究玉米品种登海605不同密度和施肥方式对光合生理的影响，挖掘其增产潜力，建立高产栽培模式。本试验设计5个密度处理（D1、D2、D3、D4、D5）、3种施肥方式处理（S1：农大缓释肥、S2：分次施肥、S3：一次性施肥），并对不同处理的光合指标、叶面积指数、光合有效辐射、透光率等指标进行测定，结果表明：不同的施肥方式上层、中层、下层光合指标变化规律表现一致，各层次表现为上层>中层>下层，S2>S1>S3，玉米植株上层无论哪种处理都能获得足够的光能和CO2，光合指标相差不大，适宜的密度和施肥方式将获得更多的光能、有效辐射，合成有机物，形成更多的干物质积累，从而提高产量。     

Addition of structural complexity – contrasting effect on juvenile brown trout in a natural stream

In a field experiment, we examined the effects of structural complexity in the form of added artificial plastic plants and shredded plastic bags on growth and abundance of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Just after emergence, the added complexity had a positive effect on the density, biomass and condition factor of young‐of‐the‐year (0+) brown trout. This difference in density was not present six weeks later. In contrast, both young‐of‐the‐year and older brown trout generally tended to be larger in the simple habitat. Hence, our data suggest that increased complexity initially is beneficial for young‐of‐the‐year individuals probably due to lower risk of predation and increased densities of prey. However, as density increases in the complex environment, it may induce negative density‐dependent effects, here reflected in smaller sized fish in the complex environment. This might force fish to redistribute to habitats with lower densities of conspecifics as they grow larger. We propose that habitat complexity can increase survival of yearlings in early phases and thereby also affect the overall population structure of brown trout in natural streams.