红壤区肥液浓度对涌泉根灌水氮运移特性的影响

为提高红壤区涌泉根灌水氮利用效率,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同肥液浓度(0,10,20,35,60 g/L)条件下涌泉根灌土壤的入渗能力、湿润锋运移距离、土壤水分分布以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,并建立了红壤涌泉根灌土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋在竖直向上、竖直向下和水平方向的运移距离与肥液浓度的关系模型。结果表明:土壤累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布均受到肥液浓度的影响。在同一入渗时刻,土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋运移距离随肥液浓度的增大而增大,且与入渗历时均呈幂函数关系;在灌水结束时,相同土层深度内,肥液浓度越大,土壤含水率就越大,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度也越大,且与铵态氮相比,硝态氮的分布范围更广。随着肥液再分布的进行,土层内最大含水率位置逐渐下移,且土壤含水率的分布也更加均匀;土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度的变化趋势不同,浅层中铵态氮的浓度逐渐降低,而硝态氮的浓度先降低后增加;深层中铵态氮的浓度先增加后降低,而硝态氮的浓度逐渐增加。该研究成果可为进一步研究红壤区涌泉根灌肥液入渗氮素运移及转化提供理论参考。     

植物根系对土壤团聚体形成作用机制研究回顾

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,土壤水力侵蚀的微观描述即为土壤团聚体的破裂过程。研究表明:植物根系可以改变土壤的力学以及水文特征,促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定。因此,对近20年国内外的相关研究成果进行较为系统的回顾,从根系对土壤团聚体的物理、生物、电化学作用3个研究视角,分析了植物根系对土壤团聚体形成的作用机制,提出了现有研究中存在的问题及研究趋势,这对深入认识植物根系对土壤团聚体的影响及其作用机制、发展根-土相互作用的土壤侵蚀过程模型具有重要的意义。     

影响静止中心(QC)细胞分裂的EMS突变体库构建与筛选分析

采用正向遗传学方法,以转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis)SCRGVG UAS∶∶axr3-1为材料来进行EMS诱变。通过外源施加激素DEX诱导GVG/UAS系统启动axr3-1在静止中心表达,导致静止中心发生分裂。通过构建EMS突变体库,得到2 616份M2代候选突变体家系。对M2代种子进行初筛得到43个候选家系。经过复筛,获得22个具有稳定表型的突变体家系。根据表型相似性将候选家系分为5类,共6组。将候选家系进行组内杂交,根据F1代植株表型是否与亲本相似,获得2对等位突变体。这些突变体将为研究干细胞小生境的调控机制研究提供新材料。     

浅析灌溉对作物根系及产量的影响

结合文献资料,从作物根系的水平分布、垂直分布、硝态氮运移及产量等几个方面,概述了不同灌溉量和灌溉方式对作物的影响,分析了滴灌、渗灌等微灌技术的应用。最后,针对经济林木生产的实际现状,进行了展望：探索一种成本低、简单易操作、便于推广应用的灌溉措施更具有理论和实践意义。     

Effect of the Substrates on the Production of Engrafted Vine Cuttings in Heated Greenhouses

This article highlights the results of a long-term research project on the production of grape stalks engrafted by the desk method. The integrated impact of rootstock varieties, modes of stratification, and different substrates on vegetating vine cuttings, raised in heated greenhouses, and the capacity of their acclimatization after planting was studied. The results of the research show that rootstock variety and modes of stratification influence the output of engrafted vegetating cuttings of vines grown in pots using various substrates. In particular, the engrafted cuttings of variety Rkatsiteli produced on two rootstocks, 5 BB and 101-14, passed stratification (a) in sawdust with local electroheating, (b) on the water with its periodic change, and (c) in the layer of perlite. After preplanting preparations they were planted in pots with six different substrates: (1) soil (control); (2) perlite; (3) sawdust; (4) rice husk + soil + sand (1:1:1); (5) peat + soil + sand (1:1:1); and (6) mold + soil + sand (1:1:1). The cuttings were grown with a covered root system in a heated greenhouse for 35–40 days. Forty-day-old vegetating cuttings, after hardening, were planted into the open ground. Specialties were established during the root and shoot formation on vegetating nursery plant grafts during the rooting period. Optimal substrates for growing engrafted cuttings with a covered root system in heated greenhouses for each rootstock and stratification mode were determined.     

施用有机肥对当归药材性状、产量及抗病性的影响

为了探寻有机肥对当归成药栽培的影响,采用黑膜覆盖栽培,基施纯有机肥（O,2000 kg·hm^-2）、纯化肥（C,磷酸二铵,420 kg·hm^-2）、减半量化肥增施有机肥［1/2（O+C）］,以不施肥为对照（CK）,栽培期测定早期抽薹率、发病率、药材产量和性状指标。结果表明,纯有机肥栽培当归早期抽薹率为8.0%,分别较CK、1/2（O+C）和C降低19.4%、15.2%和7.1%。药材产量则相反,O、C和1/2（O+C）栽培当归药材产量相当,鲜产量分别较CK提高105.9%、84.6%和78.2%。纯有机肥栽培当归根最长,侧根最多,单根最重,药材产量最高。化肥对根的增粗作用最大,但含水量高,根病率高,发病重。不同施肥每hm²鲜药材产量与综合评价指数大小顺序一致,依次为O（9220.6 kg,0.926）>C（9038.5 kg,0.610）>1/2（O+C）（8728.4 kg,0.481）>CK（4897.4 kg,0.190）。每hm²干药材产量排序为O（3149.2 kg）>1/2（O+C）（3098.7 kg）>C（2909.2 kg）>CK（1707.0 kg）,与经济收益一致。在岷县道地产区黑膜覆盖栽培,纯施有机肥对当归药材具有显著增效作用,可有效降低早薹率、根病率和发病程度,改善药材性状,提高药材产量和质量,在当归标准化栽培中可推广应用,以改变当归依赖化肥的生产现状,促进绿色有机栽培。     

苜蓿根系构型及生理特性对干旱复水的响应

为了研究苜蓿根系构型及生理特性对干旱复水后的响应,对肇东苜蓿进行盆栽控水试验。设置正常供水（CK）、轻度干旱（LS）、中度干旱（MS）和重度干旱（SS） 4个处理,在干旱处理4周后进行复水,研究各处理间根系构型及生理指标的差异。结果表明：干旱处理对根干重和根尖数有极显著影响（P<0.01）,对比根长、根表面积、根体积和根密度有显著影响（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫抑制了根系的生长,降低了根干重、根长、根表面积、根体积、根密度和根尖数等形态指标,促进了比根长的增加。各处理间拓扑指数差异显著（P<0.05）,干旱促进苜蓿根系从二分枝型向人字形结构转变。干旱胁迫极显著（P<0.01）增加了根系丙二醛（MDA）和超氧负离子（O^2-）的含量,同时超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量也极显著增加（P<0.01）,从而保持体内活性氧处于较低水平。脱落酸（ABA）含量在干旱胁迫下极显著（P<0.01）增加,通过其生理作用及信号传导途径提高苜蓿抗旱性。     

模拟降雨格局变化对虎尾草分株和根系特征的影响

作为全球气候变化的重要组成部分,降雨格局变化能够对各类植物产生不同的影响。虎尾草为退化盐碱草地恢复的主要先锋种植物之一,降雨格局变化如何影响其分株和根系等特征对于全球变化背景下退化盐碱地的生态恢复至关重要。本研究通过人工模拟降雨格局变化试验,设置了3个降水量（减少30%、不变、增加30%）和2个降雨间隔（1、2 d）, 研究了虎尾草地上分株和地下根系形态特征对降雨格局变化的响应。结果表明：1） 降雨格局的变化对虎尾草有性生殖特征几乎无影响,随着降水量增加或降雨间隔延长营养繁殖特征具有增加的趋势。2） 降雨间隔和降水量对虎尾草根系影响程度不同,降雨间隔为主要影响因素,且二者相互依赖。降水量一定时,随着降雨间隔的增加,总根长、总表面积、总体积和根直径显著降低。3） 降水量和降雨间隔均影响虎尾草生物量的积累,降雨间隔为主要影响因素,随着降雨间隔的增加,根、茎、总生物量均显著降低,叶和花序生物量具有减小的趋势,但是影响不显著。     

紫花苜蓿形态和生理指标响应干旱胁迫的品种特异性

为研究紫花苜蓿在叶片和根系水平上响应干旱胁迫的形态和生理的品种特异性规律,在温室内分析了干旱胁迫下WL363HQ和巨能7紫花苜蓿株高、分枝数、生物量及叶片和根系中丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸、抗氧化酶类物质、C、N含量、C/N、稳定性C同位素（δ¹³C）和稳定性N同位素（δ¹⁵N）。结果表明：干旱胁迫显著降低了供试品种地上部分和根系的干重及分枝数（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫显著降低了巨能7的株高（P<0.05）,但增加了巨能7的根冠比,而WL363HQ的结果与之相反,这说明干旱胁迫下供试品种的株高和根冠比具有品种特异性的规律。干旱胁迫增加了WL363HQ和巨能7叶片和根系中MDA和脯氨酸的含量及抗氧化酶物质的活性,且在器官水平也具有品种特异性规律。干旱胁迫下巨能7叶片的MDA含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而在WL363HQ根系中的MDA含量也显著增加（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫下WL363HQ叶片脯氨酸含量、POD和SOD活性,及根系SOD的活性均显著增加（P<0.05）,而巨能7仅叶片SOD活性,根系脯氨酸含量、POD活性显著升高（P<0.05）。尽管干旱胁迫对供试品种叶片和根系C、N含量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但干旱胁迫显著提高了WL363HQ和巨能7紫花苜蓿根系的δ¹³C（P<0.05）,且WL363HQ叶片的δ¹⁵N均显著高于巨能7（P<0.05）。此外,干旱胁迫均显著提高了巨能7叶片和根系的C/N（P<0.05）。干旱胁迫下供试品种C、N代谢参数并没有在叶片和根系中表现出较为明显的品种特异性规律,深层次的机制还有待进一步研究。本研究结果将为进一步掌握紫花苜蓿叶片和根系协同抗旱机制及抗旱丰产紫花苜蓿新品种的选育提供理论依据。     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.