Introductions of non-native plant pathogens into Great Britain, 1970–2004

An analysis of records of plant pathogens first identified in Great Britain from 1970 to 2004 (inclusive) was undertaken to determine the numbers of new species that have become established over time. Results show that the numbers of newly recorded pathogens have not varied significantly. Of the 234 pathogens recorded for the first time between 1970 and 2004, 157 were fungi, 27 were oomycetes, 26 were viruses, 23 were bacteria, and one was a phytoplasma. Approximately 53% of pathogens were found on ornamental crops, 16% on horticultural crops, 15% on wild native species, 12% on agricultural crops, 2% on pasture plants and 2% on exotic forestry tree species. Where the origin of introductions was known or strongly suspected, 47% came from the Netherlands. About 38% of newly recorded pathogens with information on the location of first record were discovered in the South East region of England. Plant Pathologists regarded 19% of all new pathogens as important because of actual or potential economic/environmental losses. The results indicate that the numbers of new or important pathogens establishing in recent years are not increasing and that most new findings are associated with ornamental plants.     

日本《外来入侵物种法》及对我国外来物种管理立法和科研的启示

日本政府于2004年6月颁布了《外来入侵物种法》,10月环境省制定的《预防外来入侵生物对生态系统造成不利影响的基本政策》通过内阁决议,该法案于2005年6月1日起生效。本文简要介绍了日本外来生物管理有关策略和基本政策,并针对我国现状提出了外来物种管理立法及科研方面的建议:(1)成立国家级外来物种管理委员会及外来物种专家委员会,统筹外来物种管理工作;(2)对现有法律法规体系进行系统评估,加强外来物种管理立法;(3)加强对外来物种的科学研究,特别是加强外来入侵物种环境风险评估系统建设;(4)进一步加强建立国家级、一站式的外来物种数据库和外来物种数据交换所,促进信息交流。     

基于GIS与RS技术的赤水河流域生态风险评价——以仁怀市为例

为揭示赤水河流域土地利用/覆被变化对区域生态风险的影响以及空间分布,以赤水河流域中游城市仁怀市作为研究区,采用GIS与RS技术与生态风险指数(ERI)模型,开展基于土地利用/覆被变化的生态风险评价研究,探讨了土地利用变化背景下仁怀市生态风险变化特征以及演变机理,并提出了政策保障措施。结果表明,(1)2000—2014年,区域内有林地、疏林地、水域、园地、建设用地面积增加,而耕地、灌木林地、草地面积减少;(2)仁怀市土地生态风险在空间上呈现较强的区域差异性,基本呈现由西南向东北转移的态势,中部地区生态风险高,建成区以及工业聚集区及其周边高,距离高生态风险区越远,生态风险等级越低;(3)整个研究区主要以中等及较高生态风险等级为主,2000年占整个研究区比例的50%以上,2014年达到65%以上。综上可知,仁怀市生态压力正在逐渐加大;政府在发展过程中应当避免由于高生态风险区域向外延伸,造成区域总体生态风险强度加大和面积增加。应当积极开展区域生态治理与恢复,强化土地利用科学规划。     

佛山市高明区生态安全格局和建设用地扩展预案

城市生态环境问题已上升到生态安全的层面.以人类生存安全和理想人居环境为目标,基于空间数据和统计资料,利用景观安全格局原理和地理信息系统空间分析方法,构建了包含基本保障格局-缓冲格局-最优格局3个级别的水安全格局、地质灾害安全格局、大气安全格局、生物保护安全格局和农田安全格局,叠加得到高明区综合生态安全格局,在此基础上提出了高明区建设用地扩展最优方案和生态功能分区.结果显示,并非生态安全格局水平越高,城乡发展模式越优,缓冲生态安全格局下的高明区建设用地扩展模式,最可能实现生态安全保护与城镇扩展的和谐发展.综合生态安全格局明确了区域的生态环境敏感区和生态服务功能重要区,为区域生态功能分区提供了新的思路.     

Antipredator behaviour of naïve Arctic charr young in the presence of predator odours and conspecific alarm cues

Abstract –  We investigated how Arctic charr young respond behaviourally to olfactory cues from skin-damaged conspecifics, charr-fed pikeperch, and the combination of food-deprived pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in a two-channel Y-maze fluviarium test arena. Significant antipredator responses were found to skin-damaged conspecifics in three behavioural traits, to charr-fed pikeperch in two traits and to the combination of pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in all six behaviours investigated. The combination of predator and conspecific cues significantly increased spatial avoidance and cautiousness to approach the source of scent compared with odours from charr-fed predators. The results suggest that damage-released alarm cues exist in charr, and they strengthen the antipredator responses in conspecifics. As the charr used different behaviours and levels of response in the presence of different cues, they seem to have sophisticated skills to distinguish between different odour combinations and be able to adjust their behaviour according to the current predation risk level.     

我国发展现代风险导向审计的对策与建议

本文研究了现代风险导向审计在我国的运用前景,分析了依托我国最新的审计风险准则,发展现代风险导向审计的方法,提出了在我国推行现代风险导向审计的几条政策建议。     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

我国牛群中牛病毒性腹泻病毒流行的Meta分析

为全面评估我国牛群中牛病毒性腹泻病毒（bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）病原流行率对该病毒感染的防控，在中国知网（CNKI）、万方、维普、PubMed和ScienceDirect 5个数据库中，检索截止到2021年9月1日发表的关于中国牛群BVDV流行情况的文献，并进行系统评价和Meta分析。共筛选出93篇关于BVDV病原学检测的研究论文纳入Meta分析中。分析结果显示：我国牛群中BVDV病原（抗原和核酸）流行率为9.8%(95%CI:7.8,11.9)，其中BVDV抗原流行率为3.1%(95%CI:2.1,4.4),BVDV核酸流行率为19.5%(95%CI:16.0,23.3)。各省间比较发现，吉林流行率最高，为26.3%(95%CI:24.3,28.4)，其次是湖北和福建省。进一步开展亚组分析和Meta回归分析的结果显示，品种（牦牛vs奶牛：比值比（odds ratio,OR）=1.37,95%CI:1.05～1.79）、饲养模式（散养vs规模化：OR=1.41,95%CI:1.08～1.85）、诊断方法（RT-PCR vs ELISA:OR=1....     

试论我国企业国际融资中存在的问题及对策

文章从分析我国企业国际融资的主要方式和特点入手，从筹资效益、融资范围等方面讨论了目前我国企业国际融资中存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了一些优化对策，目的是使企业能够更合理、有效的利用外部的经济资源。     

入侵害虫红棕象甲转移为害本土棕榈树的风险评估

为评估入侵害虫红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus对本土农林生态系统的风险,于2016—2019年采用受害植株调查和成虫诱捕的方法跟踪监测该虫在加拿利海枣Phoenix canariensis引种点及周边1 600 m半径范围内本土棕榈Trachycarpus fortune上的发生情况,并对来自野外加拿利海枣与棕榈上的成虫形态及繁殖力进行比较。结果显示,红棕象甲可随加拿利海枣引种定植而入侵当地生态系统,当其在加拿利海枣上暴发成灾后,还能转移到周边棕榈上继续为害,红棕象甲为害致死的棕榈植株数随着引种植物死亡数的增加而增加。野外加拿利海枣与棕榈上红棕象甲成虫的体重、体长以及按雌雄1∶1配对交配后的产卵量、孵化率相当,但棕榈种群雌虫的翅展较加拿利海枣种群明显变短,表明红棕象甲转移取食本土棕榈后可成功定殖、建立种群,且适合度并未降低。雌虫翅展变短可能与该入侵种表型可塑性有关,反映出其对棕榈的快速适应与进化,表现为"前适应"策略。考虑红棕象甲成虫飞行能力强,建议调高棕榈分布省份该虫的风险预警等级、调整防控策略,开展跟踪监测以了解入侵地实情。