松材线虫伴生细菌与松材线虫的关系及致病性机理研究

松材线虫病又称松树萎蔫病,近年来成为了国内严重毁坏型病害。如何治理该病害成为了当今植物保护界研究热点,降低该病害对生产造成的损失尤为迫切,现通过对松材线虫病的危害进行分析,总结前人对松材线虫病的研究成果:分析松材线虫伴生细菌的多样性,发掘松材线虫伴生细菌与松材线虫的关系,结合国内外研究松材线虫伴生细菌的致病性机理研究,总结得出松材线虫伴生菌种较多,没有明显的专一性,结合微生物细菌研究的发展,分离和鉴定出越来越多的细菌种类;指出了松材线虫与携带细菌之间存在密切相关,毒素在松材线虫伴生细菌的致病机制中起着重要作用。     

圆锥掘氏梅里霉侵染秀丽隐杆线虫周期的扫描电镜观察

食线虫真菌在生物防治线虫领域发挥着举足轻重的作用,日益受到广泛关注。圆锥掘氏梅里霉（Drechmeria coniospora）是一种典型内寄生真菌,专一地侵染和寄生其宿主--线虫。利用高分辨率的扫描电子显微镜,观察得到D. coniospora侵染秀丽隐杆线虫整个过程的清晰图片,为研究D. coniospora侵染线虫及与侵染相关的基因提供了直接、客观地依据。扫描电镜结果显示,D. coniospora 通过分生孢子完成对线虫的识别,特异地吸附在线虫头部或生殖孔,进而进入线虫体内。分生孢子在线虫体内萌发,长出菌丝。当菌丝生长到一定程度后,进一步穿透线虫体壁,造成线虫死亡。在空气中生长的菌丝体产生新一代分生孢子,这些孢子成熟后,遇到线虫幼虫又将开始新一轮侵染周期。D. coniospora的这种特异侵染方式和高效侵染能力,使其成为生物防治线虫的潜在优良菌株,具有广阔地应用前景。     

黑龙江省尚志市黑木耳产业发展现状·问题与对策

分析了黑龙江省尚志市黑木耳产业发展现状,尚志市在黑木耳产业发展中有着得天独厚的自然环境和政府政策优势,产业规模逐步扩大,产量逐年提升,产业布局范围广,并且在科研上投入较多,但是黑木耳产业发展也存在很多问题,如原料供应不足,环境污染严重,企业规模较小等。针对这些问题,提出了加大原木进口量、完善市场机制、提高科技水平、促进黑木耳深加工等相应对策,以促进尚志市黑木耳产业的发展。     

农业类院校食用菌专业创新培养模式探索

我国随着社会经济的发展,对农业人才提出了更高的要求。为适应新形势下现代农业发展需要,笔者从食用菌行业现状、食用菌专业特点、创新培养模式等方面,以青岛农业大学食用菌专业为例,对新形势下现代农业食用菌人才培养进行了有益探索,以期对农业院校创新人才培养提供参考。     

港口航道致病性细菌检测微阵列基因芯片的研制

[目的]制备出一套针对港口航道致病性细菌检测的基因芯片,为港口航道基因芯片检测技术的研究及应用打下基础.[方法]采用常规方法提取目标菌株基因组DNA,以16S rDNA通用引物和gyrB基因保守区引物进行PCR扩增,使用AlleleID 6.0和Array Designer 4.25对扩增获得的目的片段进行寡核苷酸探针设计,经PCR筛选验证,目标探针以氨基化修饰后通过芯片点样仪点制在醛基玻片上;优化芯片杂交固定条件,并用于港口航道的水样检测,以验证微阵列基因芯片的检测效果.[结果]优化后的芯片杂交固定条件为探针点样浓度10μmol/L、紫外交联时间2.0 h、杂交温度65℃,有效提高了基因芯片检测的灵敏度,与传统检测方法相比可实现快速、高通量、准确的目标.研制的微阵列基因芯片可特异性检测出港口航道中含有的霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)、阴沟肠杆菌(Emterobacter cloacae)、溶藻弧菌(V.alginolytivus)、哈氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、副溶血弧菌(V.parahemolyticus)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和创伤弧菌(V.vulnificus)等7株致病性细菌,且均未出现非特异性杂交.[结论]针对港口航道致病性细菌建立的微阵列基因芯片检测技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、快速便捷的特点,可用于港口航道及周边地区的海洋环境监测和海产品质量安全检测.     

富平关中奶山羊临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

为进一步探讨关中奶山羊乳房炎感染病原菌的情况,对富平县三个不同乡镇的79头患病奶山羊,共118份奶样进行分离鉴定,共分离出7种共126个菌株.其中大肠杆菌36株,占28.5%;金黄色葡萄球菌28株,占22.2%;绿脓杆菌23株,占18.3%;链球菌21株,占16.7%;变形杆菌8株,占6.3%;蜡样芽孢杆菌6株,占4.8%;酵母菌4株,占3.2%.认为该研究区域的关中奶山羊乳房炎主要是由大肠杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、链球菌所致.     

1株低温地丝霉菌的鉴定及其分解角蛋白与纤维素特性

为筛选分解角蛋白与纤维素的低温菌株,从西藏当雄牧草地分离1株低温菌株,对其进行鉴定及部分生物学功能研究.形态学鉴定参照Oorschot的分类标准和系统进行,分子鉴定基于ITS1-5.8 SrDNA-ITS2序列进行分析.结果表明:确定该菌株为毡状地丝霉毡状变种(Geomyces pannorum var.pannorum(Link) Sigler & J.W.Carmich).其最低、最适、最高生长温度分别为5℃、15℃和30℃,在35℃时不能生长,可分解角蛋白和纤维素,有潜在应用价值.     

Loss of pathogenicity in the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica

The pathogenicity and growth of six cultures of the bark-beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica were compared. Four were subcultures, established at different times, of the same isolate (80–53/7), and at least one of these was suspected to have lost its pathogenicity to Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) during subculturing. Two other cultures (93–208/115 and 94–169/13) were pathogenic. The pathogenicity of all cultures to Norway spruce was compared in three inoculation experiments, using (i) massive inoculation (≈144 inoculations per tree), (ii) low-density inoculation (14 inoculations per tree) of larger trees and (iii) single inoculation of 2-year-old seedlings. Fungal growth rates were tested in vitro on malt agar, and on malt agar under oxygen-deficient conditions. Isolates 93–208/115 and 94–169/13 and one of the subcultures of isolate 80–53/7 were pathogenic in all three inoculation experiments. Two other subcultures were nonpathogenic, while the last subculture was intermediate. The pathogenic cultures had higher growth rates on malt agar than the nonpathogenic and intermediate cultures, and they also grew better under oxygen-deficient conditions. These results demonstrate that blue-stain fungi may lose their pathogenicity after serial vegetative transfers on artificial substrates. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that rapid growth and the ability to grow in oxygen-poor environments are important pathogenicity factors in blue-stain fungi.     

Bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from corneal ulcerations in domesticated elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka

Infective corneal diseases are common among the domesticated elephants in Sri Lanka, causing morbidity including blindness leading to loss of revenue to their owners. From 140 elephants of different ages and both sexes, 36 animals (25.7%) had evidence of keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal opacities, and some had foreign bodies in their eyes. Nine elephants (6.4%) had lesions in both eyes (6.41%). Cultures for both bacteria and fungi were obtained from 26 corneal ulcers, including the nine elephants with bilateral lesions. The other 10 animals could not be restrained for sample collection. Swabs from the normal corneas of an additional 20 elephants without signs of any ophthalmic diseases were also collected. Twenty-three of the 35 (65.71%) samples from affected corneas yielded bacterial pathogens, and 14 (40%) also had fungal isolates. None of them yielded a fungal isolate alone. The predominant bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus , beta hemolytic streptococci and coliforms. Fusarium , Cladosporium , Curvularia and Aspergillus species were the primary fungal isolates. No bacteria or filamentous fungi were isolated from the eyes with the normal corneas. Microbial identification including fungal isolations is suggested in the management of infective corneal diseases in elephants.     

基因芯片及其在病原微生物检测中的应用

基因芯片是近年来迅速发展的一门生物高新技术,它以其能够快速、高效、大规模地同步检测生物遗传信息的卓越功能而得到发展。在基因测序、基因表达分析、药物筛选、基因诊断等领域显示出重要的理论和实用价值。作者就基因芯片技术的原理、技术要点以及在病原微生物检测中的应用作一综述。