Pseudaboydins A and B: Novel Isobenzofuranone Derivatives from Marine Fungus Pseudallescheria boydii Associated with Starfish Acanthaster planci

Two novel isobenzofuranone derivatives, pseudaboydins A (1) and B (2), along with five known compounds, including (R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxybenzofuran (3), (R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-5-methoxybenzofuran (4), 3,3′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethyldiphenyl ether (5), 3-(3-methoxy-5-methylphenoxy)-5-methylphenol (6) and (−)-regiolone (7), were isolated from the culture broth of the marine fungus, Pseudallescheria boydii, associated with the starfish, Acanthaster planci. Their structures were elucidated primarily based on NMR and MS data. The absolute configurations of 1–4 were determined by CD spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of 1–4 were evaluated. Pseudaboydin A (1) showed moderate cytotoxic activity against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line HONE1, human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line SUNE1 and human glandular lung cancer cell line GLC82 with IC₅₀ values of 37.1, 46.5 and 87.2 μM, respectively.     

Punctaporonins H–M: Caryophyllene-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Sponge-Associated Fungus Hansfordia sinuosae

Six new caryophyllene-based sesquiterpenoids named punctaporonins H–M (1–6), together with punctaporonin B (7) and humulane (8) were isolated from the fermentation broth of the sponge-derived fungus Hansfordia sinuosae. Their structures were determined by the extensive HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analysis, including the X-ray crystallographic data for the assignment of the absolute configurations of punctaporonins H–I (1–2). The isolated compounds were evaluated for antihyperlipidemic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities, and punctaporonin K (4) exhibited potent effects to reduce the triglycerides and total cholesterol in the intracellular levels.     

不同植被对煤矿复垦区域土壤真菌多样性和酶活性的影响

为了评价不同植被对煤矿废弃地复垦区土壤生态修复的效果,本研究开展了桃树、杉树、李树等植被对复垦区土壤酶活性和真菌种群多样性的影响分析。结果表明：（1）不同植被下,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和转化酶的活性差异显著。脲酶在对照中最高,桃树最低;酸性磷酸酶活性对照最高,杉树（0~20、40~60 cm）和桃树（20~40 cm）土壤中最低,且一般情况下酶活性随土层加深而降低,具有表聚性,但不同植被和不同土层的转化酶活性的变化表现不同;该区域土壤的pH随土层加深增高,最高为5.67,均呈酸性,除对照外,均表现出一定程度的差异性。（2）不同植被下,所有土壤样品的真菌种群优势门均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）,季也蒙酵母属（Meyerozyma）和芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）为所有土壤样品都具有的优势属,而孢霉属（Mortierella）仅在柳树土壤中不是优势属,青霉菌属（Penicillium）、绿核菌属（Ustilaginoidea）是李树土壤中的优势属;盘菌属（Tricharina）是杉树土壤中的优势属;刺毛四枝孢（Tetracladium）是对照土壤中的优势属。通过综合非度量多维尺度分析（Non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS）表明,不同植被的土壤真菌群落组成差异较大,柳树0~20 cm、杉树20~40 cm、对照40~60 cm土壤中的真菌数量和多样性较丰富,其中桃树土壤中的真菌丰富度和多样性相对较低。本研究结果可以为其他煤矿复垦区域土壤生态修复研究提供借鉴。     

高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗与灭活苗免疫效果评估及综合防控措施

本试验研究通过相同饲养条件下的35日龄仔猪分别使用高致病性猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗与灭活苗进行高致病性猪蓝耳病首免,并分别在首免当日、28日、58日检测高致病性猪蓝耳病免疫抗体水平,结果发现,使用弱毒疫苗免疫的猪高致病性蓝耳病抗体上升速度和抗体水平均优于使用灭活苗的猪。试验结果表明弱毒灭活苗可在接种后21-28日产生免疫力,免疫期为4个月,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征流行的地区应该首先考虑使用弱毒活疫苗。     

Utilization of Fungi for the Biological Control of Insect Pests and Ganoderma Disease in the Indonesian Oil Palm Industry

Biological control is usually the first choice of control and prevention method for integrated pest management （IPM） strategies and has now been widely implemented by Indonesian oil palm plantations. Entomopathogenic fungus, i.e., Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps militaris and Beauveria bassiana have been demonstrated to control renowned pests of oil palm. Metarhizium has been used to control Oryctes larvae and the mortality has ranged from 91.67% to 100% in laboratory and 7.4% to 88.75% in the field. Metarhizium has been applied in combination with a termite baiting system （TBS） to control termites in the field for preventive and curative action as well. In many oil palm plantations in Indonesia, Cordyceps has been used to reduce the field moth population ofSetothosea asigna. Application of Cordyceps within the oil palm circle was able to infect S. asigna pupae up to 80%. Meanwhile, Beauveria in an effervescent formulation was demonstrated to have better efficacy on Darna trima larvae. A significant finding on the biological control of basal stem rot disease （Ganoderma） was the isolation of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp.. The efficacy was conducted with promising result and techniques on the application of Triehoderma have been developed, i.e., hole-in-hole system, surgery and a mounding method. However, as the roots developed, Trichoderma was no longer able to protect the palm from Ganoderma. In spite of that, the use of Trichoderma still prolonged the life ofoil palms by up to 2-3 years. Another fungi belonging to vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza （VAM） has been developed to control Ganoderma. The efficacy in the nursery showed promising results and the Ganoderma incidence remained low compared to the untreated control. Large scale field trials are ongoing. Challenges on the implementation of biological control in oil palm plantations are because of application and availability of biopesticides/natural enemies. Therefore, advances in research on the formulation of biological control agents are still needed.     

梨斑点病田间病情发生规律及其影响因子分析

采取“四定”跟踪观察方法对梨树新病害梨斑点病田间叶部症状表现、发生规律及相关影响因子进行调查分析,结果表明：梨斑点病田间叶部症状表现斑点小,群体数量大,叶面、叶脉、叶柄均可发生,发病中后期全叶呈黄绿相间黄化脱落;雨量大、雨日多的年份发生重,反之则轻;品种依发病程度不同可明显分为轻、较轻、中等、重等类型,其中‘蜜雪梨’、‘明福’、‘黄花’、‘清香’ 等品种发病轻,发病程度与海拔高度呈显著或极显著负相关,随坡段自下而上呈由重向轻的变化趋势,且位于梨园边行的植株发病较轻;综合管理水平高、树势长势稳健的梨园发病程度相对较轻.     

基于工学结合的食用菌生产课程改革实践与探索

为培养食用菌生产岗位的优秀人才,满足人才培养需求,在工学结合原则的基础上,对课程教学设计、教学方法、考核与评价体系进行改革与探索,并在培养学生的综合实践能力和创新意识方面取得了良好的效果。     

三尖杉内生真菌S19次生代谢产物的结构与活性

为探明三尖杉内生真菌S19的次生代谢产物的结构与活性,采用形态学特征和ITS序列鉴定菌株,利用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析和重结晶等方法对该菌株的发酵产物进行分离、纯化,并结合所得化合物的理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其结构,通过测试菌对其次生代谢产物进行活性测试。结果表明：菌株 S19为黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus ）,从其发酵产物中分离得到6个化合物,分别为5-羟甲基呋喃-3-羧酸（1）、麦角甾醇（2）、β-谷甾醇（3）、豆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇（4）、胶霉毒素（5）和丁二酸（6）。黄曲霉（S19）可以大量产生5-羟甲基呋喃-3-羧酸（1）。化合物1对大肠杆菌抑菌活性较好,其 MIC 值为15．6μg／mL;化合物5对测试菌均有很好的抑菌活性。     

镉胁迫下豆科植物接种AM真菌和根瘤菌的生长及生理指标变化

为了降低重金属镉对豆科植物的毒害作用,并为相关研究提供理论依据,以绿豆（Phaseolus radiatus L．,绿宝六号）为宿主植物,在镉胁迫条件下,采用3室隔离盆栽系统,分别接种（单接种）和同时接种（双接种）丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhiza ,AM）和根瘤菌,在施加不同氮源的条件下,测定了绿豆的生长及生理指标。结果表明,镉胁迫严重影响了单接根瘤菌绿豆的生长,但施加外源氮在一定程度上缓解了单接 AM 真菌和根瘤菌（双接种）绿豆的镉胁迫作用,并且相同氮源处理下,双接种的效果更好;双接种绿豆在 NH4 NO3外源氮时菌根侵染率最高,（NH4）2 SO4时根瘤数及根瘤鲜重最多,尿素为源氮时 Arg 含量最多;接种后 SOD、POD、CAT 活性明显提高,且氮源的施加提高了单接 AM 真菌和双接种下的酶活性,但不同氮源对其影响不同,双接种下酶的活性高于单接种。     

Plant pathogen protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can confer protection to host plants against some root pathogens, and several mechanisms for these phenomena have been proposed. If AM fungal taxa vary in the ways that they limit the negative effects of pathogens on host plants, additive and/or synergistic interactions among members of diverse AM fungal assemblages and communities may result in a greater pathogen protection than is currently predicted. However, in a review of the literature on interactions between AM and pathogenic fungi, we found few examples that compared the effectiveness of single- and multi-species AM fungal assemblages. Here, we briefly recount the generally recognized mechanisms of pathogen protection by AM fungi and present evidence, where appropriate, for functional diversity among AM fungal taxa with regard to these mechanisms. We propose that functional complementarity of AM fungal taxa in interactions with pathogens could mimic, or even be the cause of, previously observed relationships between AM fungal diversity and plant productivity.