Mixed‐method study on medicinal herb collection in relation to wildlife conservation: the case of giant pandas in China

Medicinal herb collection has historical and cultural roots in many rural communities in developing countries. Areas where herb collection occurs may overlap with biodiversity hotspots and crucial habitat of endangered and threatened species. However, impacts of such practices on wildlife are unknown and possibly underestimated, perhaps due to the elusive nature of such activities. We examined this phenomenon in Wolong Nature Reserve, China, a protected area in the South‐Central China biodiversity hotspot that also supports a community of Tibetan, Qiang and Han people who use herb collection as a supplementary source of livelihood. We adopted a participatory approach in which we engaged local people in outlining spatial and temporal dynamics of medicinal herb collection practices. We found that the overall spatial extent of herb collection increased in the past two decades. We then overlaid herb collection maps with localities of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) feces collected over two time points in the reserve. Using a Bayesian parameter estimation, we found evidence for declined giant panda occurrence in the areas most recently impacted by emerging medicinal herb collection. Our methodology demonstrates the potential power of integrating participatory approaches with quantitative methods for processes like herb collection that may be difficult to examine empirically. We discuss future directions for improving explanatory power and addressing uncertainty in this type of mixed‐method, interdisciplinary research. This work has implications for future attempts to understand whether and how prevalent but subtle human activities may affect wildlife conservation.     

Effects of different rearing systems on growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality and serum biochemical parameters of Chaohu ducks

This study was conducted using a total of 360 22‐day‐old Chaohu ducks to evaluate the effect of rearing system on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and serum parameters of male and female Chaohu ducks. The birds were divided and raised in separate pens according to sex and rearing system, with three replicate pens of 30 male or 30 female ducks per pen for each rearing system. The rearing systems consisted of a floor rearing system (FRS) and a net rearing system (NRS). Results showed that ducks raised in NRS had better growth performance, whereas, ducks raised in FRS exhibited better carcass traits and meat color, and lower intramuscular fat. For the serum parameters, NRS significantly decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol content, and enhanced total protein and triacylglycerol contents. Male ducks had lower abdominal fat percentage, and higher growth performance and shear force, but there were no other significant differences between sexes. No rearing system × sex interaction was observed in the present study, revealing that rearing system had the same effect on both sexes. In conclusion, NRS was beneficial to the growth performance of Chaohu ducks, whereas this system had some negative effects on carcass traits, meat quality and serum profiles.     

有机综合参数在线检测技术有效性研究

为了进一步提升水质自动监测能力,同时降低水质自动监测站的运行成本,并对新技术加以应用,针对水质在线检测领域有机综合参数检测方法的优劣进行比较分析,并着重研究了紫外光谱法的在线检测技术特点.通过分析紫外光谱法的仪器设备原理、国家标准、行业经验等,来讨论该检测方法的应用可行性和必要性.同时,在分析紫外光谱法技术原理和性能的基础上,弄清这种仪器设备的应用范围和相比传统方法的优势.通过比对试验,以COD和氨氮为验证参数,来验证紫外光谱法检测的准确性和有效性.地表水COD、氨氮检测结果表明,紫外光谱法与实验室国标方法结果之间具有较好的相关性和可比性,这可以证明紫外光谱法的检测仪器在有机综合参数的检测有效性上可以满足在线检测的技术要求.推广应用紫外光谱法的检测仪器后,可发挥其无污染、低成本、高效率等特点,为在线检测提供更清洁、更方便的手段,从而取得较高的环境效益.     

马铃薯不同品种(系)的光合特性比较与聚类分析

利用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪,测定盛花期17个马铃薯品种(系)倒四叶的顶小叶的光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线,并使用直角双曲线模型拟合光合参数。结果表明,马铃薯品种(系)间的光合性状均达到极显著差异;利用主因素分析,在方差累计贡献率为86.58%时,筛选出对划分马铃薯光合类别有显著影响的6个主导因子,即最大净光合速率(Amax)、光补偿点(Ic)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、初始羧化效率(CE)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cond.)。以6个光合性状进行聚类分析和判别分析,可以将马铃薯17品种(系)分为4大类,建立4个判别能力较高的判别模型。通过对综合性状的评价,选出具有较高净光合速率、特别耐阴、较低消耗、中等蒸腾速率、较高气孔导度、中等初始羧化效率的D类5个高光效品种(系),即合作88、D520、东农1014III03、青薯9号和2010-11。     

苦瓜杂交组合比较试验

为了选育优良苦瓜新品种,利用23个苦瓜核心亲本,根据可预期的F1性状配制了26个杂交组合。通过对第1雌花节位、瓜形、瓜蒂、瓜尾形状、瓜肉厚、单瓜质量等性状以及产量的比较,筛选出了MA0361×ZK25-2、ZK90×ZK54、ZK91×ZK90、YW8×ZK54、YW4×ZK25-2等5个优良组合,较对照增产41.5%~95.6%,适宜进行试种示范。     

气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机授粉管结构参数优化

针对当前杂交水稻制种对机械化授粉装备的迫切需求，设计了气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机。首先对其关键部件授粉管建立了计算流体力学模型，进一步以授粉管内径、气流出口长度与宽度为因素，以气流出口流速变异系数、气流覆盖高度为指标，利用Design Expert软件设计了三因素三水平的Box-Behnken仿真试验，最后对授粉管结构参数进行优化。结果表明：在授粉管内径为60～80 mm、气流出口长度为100～200 mm、气流出口宽度为4～10 mm的范围内，授粉管内径、气流出口宽度及授粉管内径与气流出口宽度的交互作用、气流出口长度与宽度的交互作用、气流出口宽度平方对气流出口流速变异系数影响极显著（P<0.01）；授粉管内径、气流出口长度与宽度及二者的交互作用、授粉管内径与宽度的交互作用对气流覆盖高度的影响极显著（P<0.01）。授粉管较佳结构为内径64.49 mm，气流出口长度、宽度分别为200.0、7.25 mm，此时出口气流速度变异系数为9.10%，气流覆盖高度187.57 mm。为便于加工，选用授粉管内径61.5 mm的标准不锈钢管，取气流出口长度、宽度分别为200、7.5 mm并进行验证试验，气流出口流速仿真值与实测值基本一致，实测流速变异系数为8.83%～9.25%，气流出口流速分布均匀。研究结果可为气力式杂交水稻制种授粉机参数优化提供理论参考。     

Model Optimization of Litter Size and Genetic Analyses of Model Parameters in Sows

According to two properties of the life cycle and to fluctuation with parities, four mathemati- cal models, the Poisson cycle model, the cubic polyno- mial model, the modified quadratic polynomial model- I artd the modified quadratic polynomial model-H, were used to fit the records of litter size in Jiangquhai sows. From the viewpoint of statistics and biological significance, the modified quadratic polynomial mod- el-I was found to be the optimum model. A single traitanimal model and DFREML procedures were further used to estimate the heritability values of optimum model parameters. The results show that the heritabili- ty values for the coefficients A and B and the herita- bility value for the acme of the model pure quadric curve are larger than the heritability value for the litter size. This suggests that selection for model parameters may be more effective than direct selection for litter size.     

月季种质资源花色多样性及其与花青苷的关系

利用CIE Lab测色体系对227个月季种质资源进行聚类分类,将月季花色均匀地分为7个色系。在a*和b*二维图上,各类花色只有第Ⅲ象限没有分布,即月季中没有蓝色花;根据227个被测品种的彩度值(C*)与亮度值(L*)二维分布图,可将其分为3大类群。大部分种质资源的亮度(L*)与彩度(C*)表现为负相关,分别为以白色和黄色为主的第1类群和以粉色、大部分玫红色、紫红色和橙红色第2类群;但在包括深红色和部分玫红色资源的第3类群中,L*与C*呈正相关关系。HPLC测定结果发现,6种花青苷在101份试验材料中均被检测到,其中含量贡献最大的是矢车菊素–3,5–双葡萄糖苷(Cy3G5G)和天竺葵–3,5–双葡萄糖苷(Pg3G5G);随着花瓣颜色的加深,其花青苷种类和含量也相应地增加,其中第3类群花青苷含量远大于其他两个类群。上述结果表明,月季种质资源存在丰富的花色多样性。进一步的相关性分析发现,6种花青苷总含量(TA)与L*呈负相关关系;与第1、2类群的a*或C*正相关,但在第3类群中呈现负相关。第1类群花青苷与测色参数L*、a*、b*、C*不存在相关性;第2类群中两类Pg花青苷与a*、b*、C*均存在显著正相关,但与L*无显著相关,表明Pg类花青苷只影响花瓣颜色;在第3类群中,只有含量最高的花青苷Cy3G5G与L*、a*、C*存在显著负相关关系,表明Cy3G5G含量的增加既减弱了花瓣亮度也降低了其彩度。     

有机无机肥配施对水稻光合特性及NR与SPS活性的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了有机肥(稻草、猪粪、猪粪堆肥和沼渣沼液)与化肥配施对水稻光合特性、硝酸还原酶(NR)及蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性的影响.结果表明,猪粪堆肥与化肥配施处理在提高水稻功能叶净光合速率、水稻碳氮代谢关键时期NR和SPS酶活性方面较其他类型的配施处理有较明显优势,并能提高水稻产量和改善品质.与施纯化肥...     

地方高校产学研结合的难点与对策研究

产学研结合是技术开发和成果转化的主渠道。通过对地方高校在产学研结合方面存在的问题进行分析,提出地方高校产学研结合的解决思路与对策。