侧深施肥直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器设计与试验

采用侧深施肥技术,施肥铲作业后播种带两侧土壤高度不一致,易加剧播种机横向偏摆,进而导致播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性较差。为解决上述问题,该研究设计了一种直斜偏置式免耕播种开沟器。该开沟器主要由切土斜刃、挡土定位板、偏置推土板等组成,作业时滑切土壤并将其推移至肥沟一侧拓宽种沟,避免种子落至肥沟后位置过深,提高播种质量。通过离散元仿真试验,以前进阻力、肥沟回土深度、种沟回土深度为试验指标进行二因素五水平正交旋转组合试验,得到斜刃滑切角为37°、偏置角为15°时开沟器作业性能最好。在最优参数下与双圆盘式、尖角式开沟器进行田间作业性能对比试验,相对于双圆盘式和尖角式开沟器,直斜偏置式开沟器播种深度变异系数分别降低41.12%、19.41%;播种横向变异系数分别降低39.00%、28.41%;前进阻力分别降低7.26%、28.20%;作业后肥沟与种沟回土深度分别提高9.47%、13.68%和33.33%、7.14%。试验结果表明,该开沟器可以减小前进阻力,增加肥沟与种沟回土,提高播种深度均匀性和播种横向一致性,可为播种开沟器的设计提供参考。     

Long-Term No-Tillage Direct Seeding Mode for Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice Production in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System

To study the effects of long-term no-tillage direct seeding mode on rice yield and the soil physiochemical property in a rice-rapeseed rotation system,a comparative experiment with a water-saving and drought-resistance rice(WDR)variety and a double low rapeseed variety as materials was conducted under no-tillage direct seeding(NTDS)mode and conventional tillage direct seeding(CTDS)mode for four years,using the CTDS mode as the control.Compared with the CTDS mode,the actual rice yield of WDR decreased by 8.10%at the first year,whereas the plant height,spikelet number per panicle,spikelet fertility,1000-grain weight,grain yield,actual yield,and harvest index increased with no-tillage years,which led to the actual yield increase by 6.49%at the fourth year.Correlation analysis showed that the panicle length was significantly related to the actual yield of WDR.Compared with the CTDS mode in terms of the soil properties,the pH value of the NTDS mode decreased every year,whereas the contents of soil organic matter and total N of the NTDS mode increased.In the 0–5 cm layer of the NTDS mode,the soil bulk decreased,whereas the contents of soil organic matter,total N,and available N increased.In the 5–20 cm layer of the NTDS mode,the available N and K decreased,whereas the soil bulk,contents of soil organic matter,and total N increased.In summary,the NTDS mode increased the rice yield,and could improve the paddy soil fertility of the top layer.     

稻田免耕种植马铃薯不同种植模式对产量影响试验

进行稻田免耕种植马铃薯试验,采用随机区组排列,设6个处理,小区计产面积13.33m2。对出苗情况和产量影响进行调查,结果表明:用半泥土、半稻草覆盖催芽后的种薯出苗率较高、产量高。     

轮耕措施对小麦玉米两熟制农田土壤碳库特性的影响

针对华北麦玉两熟区长期免耕土壤存在的问题,研究不同耕作方式对连续5年免耕土壤有机碳、活性碳及土壤碳库特性的影响。结果表明:0-30cm土壤有机碳、活性有机碳均表现为翻耕旋耕免耕。翻耕、旋耕显著影响土壤有机碳和活性碳的分布,即0-5cm表现为免耕旋耕翻耕,5-10cm旋耕翻耕免耕,10-20cm翻耕旋耕免耕;与连续免耕相比,翻耕0-5cm,10-20cm变化显著,旋耕5-10cm变化显著。长期免耕后,土壤耕作对碳库各项指数影响比较大,表现出层次差异性,翻耕显著降低表层0-5cm土壤各项指数,增加10-20cm各项指数,旋耕显著增加了10-20cm的活度指数和碳库管理指数。总之,轮耕能够提高长期免耕土壤的有机碳、活性碳和碳库管理指数,对提高长期免耕土壤质量有重要作用。     

2BMD-12型小麦对行免耕施肥播种机改进与试验研究

2BMD-12型小麦对行免耕施肥播种机用于一年两熟地区夏玉米整秆覆盖下免耕直播冬小麦,一次作业可同时完成秸秆粉碎、开沟、施肥、播种、镇压等多道工序。通过粉碎刀轴打碎玉米秸秆和田间杂草,并将碎秆、杂草等抛送至开沟器侧后方,有效地解决了玉米整秆覆盖下免耕播种小麦易发生严重堵塞的问题。在其第二代样机的基础上改进设计完成了第三代样机,通过对刀座的排列及对刀轴受力分析的研究,改进设计了粉碎刀轴,并进行了播种性能试验。试验表明在玉米整秆覆盖下对行免耕播种小麦技术可行,机具结构设计合理,为一年两熟地区冬小麦免耕播种提供技术支持。     

河西绿洲区保护性耕作对土壤微生物量C和有机质的影响

试验设20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20)、40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40)、40 cm立秆(NS40)、20 cm立秆(NS20)、6 750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB40)和3750 kg/hm2覆盖(NSB20)和传统耕作(CT)7个处理,研究了不同秸秆覆盖量、留茬高度和秸秆处理对土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和作物产量的影响.结果表明:土壤微生物量C含量随季节变化表现为播种前最高,收获后最低;不同时期土壤操作措施对土壤微生物量C的影响不同.从播种期开始,保护性耕作土壤有机质含量大于传统耕作,且保护性耕作各处理土壤有机质随土层深度的增加而递减,而传统耕作各层次之间无差异;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量:NPS20、NPS40、NS40、NS20、NSB40和NSB20较CT分别增产53.08%、46.59%、40.81%、19.93%、17.33%和4.34%.     

甘肃半干旱区地膜覆盖再利用免耕技术效应与前景分析

论述了甘肃省半干旱地区实施的地膜覆盖再利用免耕技术的概念、特点,介绍了甘肃省地膜覆盖再利用免耕技术的主要模式.分析认为,此项技术综合利用了当前旱作地区"蓄集水源"、"覆盖抑蒸"、"高效利用"和"农业节本增效"等几大关键技术环节.在我国半干旱地区具有显著的应用效果及推广应用前景.     

Characterization of Leaf Photosynthetic Properties for No-Tillage Rice

A study was conducted to determine the influence of no-tillage cultivation on leaf photosynthesis of rice plants under field conditions. Experiments with the treatments, no-tillage and conventional tillage were carried out at three locations (Jiaxing, Hangzhou, and Xiaoshan, Zhejiang Province, China) for two years (2005 and 2006). Grain yield was constant in Jiaxing, but slightly higher in Hangzhou and Xiaoshan under no-tillage cultivation than that under conventional cultivation. In comparison with the conventional cultivation, no-tillage cultivation showed less biomass accumulation before heading and higher capacity of matter production during grain filling. A significantly higher leaf net photosynthetic rate was observed for the plants under no-tillage than for those under conventional tillage. The fluorescence parameter (Fv/Fm) in leaf did not show any difference between the two cultivations. The effect of cultivation management on transpiration rate (Tr) and SPAD value of rice leaf was dependent on the location and year.     

不同免耕模式对水稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响

为了研究不同免耕栽培模式对水稻产量及土壤理化性状有何不同影响,采用田间定位试验,以常规插秧为对照,研究免耕直播和免耕抛秧对水稻产量的影响及土壤理化性质变化。结果表明：此试验条件下,免耕直播前期分蘖速度较快,株高、结实率及产量都较高,穗粒数和千粒重则与常规插秧相当,而免耕抛秧有效穗较多,但穗粒数、结实率、千粒重及产量均较低。在土壤理化性状方面,与常规插秧比,免耕栽培稻田表层（0~5cm）土壤有机质增加,腐殖质品质改善,>0.25mm水稳性大团聚体、全量氮、速效磷和速效钾养分含量都有提高。两种免耕栽培模式中,免耕直播的腐殖质品质、>0.25mm大粒团聚体含量及速效磷高于免耕抛秧,而土壤有机质总量和速效钾则低于免耕抛秧。免耕栽培模式有利于稻田表层土壤肥力的改善;此试验条件下,免耕直播更有利于提高水稻产量。