2010年至2011年奶牛养殖中碳减排的研究概况

碳排放是关于温室气体排放的总称或简称.在全球气候变化背景下,碳排放空间将逐渐成为经济发展关键的资源约束,农业的低碳排放亦势在必行.在政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)发布的温室气体排放清单中,反刍动物肠胃发酵甲烷排放与粪便管理系统中的甲烷和一氧化二氮的排放均是农业温室气体的主要排放源,奶牛生产作为反刍动物生产的主要形式之一加之其巨大的粪污排放量,如何实现奶牛生产中温室气体减排对于奶牛生产实现环境友好型发展至关重要.本文从营养调控、减少粪便中碳排放、奶牛业碳减排模型、温室气体减排技术与减排规律等方面对2010年至2011年国内外致力于减少奶牛生产中碳排放的相关研究进行了综述,期望为奶牛生产实现低碳、生态型转变提供帮助.     

道路建设扰动下的生态效应分析及其消减对策

道路建设给人类带来社会、经济效益的同时,亦在一定程度重塑生态系统结构与功能,影响生态系统的健康.从道路建设诱发的不利生态效应人手,运用机理探讨的方法,对生态系统的"组成-结构-功能"这一梯级响应过程进行了较深入的分析.论述了道路建设扰动下生态系统结构在时空尺度上的变异性,如水文格局、植被群落演替、野生动物分布格局的改变,以及对生态系统物质循环、能量流动、信息传递等功能过程连续性的扰动作用.结合道路建设的"规划-设计-施工-运营-维护"等过程的干扰特性,从生态设计、生态恢复与生态补偿角度提出了消减道路建设生态影响的对策,以期促进道路建设的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益的协调统一.     

中国主要农业源温室气体排放及减排对策

近年来温室气体的大量排放以及由此造成的全球气候变暖引起了人们的广泛关注,减缓温室气体排放已成为一个急需解决的问题.CO2、CH4和N2O是几种主要的温室气体,在全球变暖中起着非常重要的作用.农业生产活动是温室气体CH4和N2O最重要的排放源之一,本文从减少水稻田和反刍动物CH4气体排放、利用农业有机废弃物进行CO2气体施肥以减少秸秆燃烧和畜禽粪便随意堆置过程中CH4和N2O排放以及调整农田氮肥施用方法减少土壤N2O排放等几个方面总结了在中国农业生产过程中可以减缓温室气体排放的一些措施,以期在这些方面为中国温室气体减排和缓解全球气候变暖作出积极的贡献.     

北京市门头沟区气象灾害分析与防灾减灾体系建设的思考

利用1980-2011年北京市门头沟区气象灾害统计资料,结合全区的发展现状,综合分析了门头沟区主要气象灾害种类、成因以及气象灾害所造成的影响,对防灾减灾体系建设提出了思路和建议。     

气象应急保障体系现状及建设探析

随着气象灾害的频发和影响加重,加强气象灾害应急保障体系建设工作至关重要,因此必须构建完备的气象灾害防御、应急法律体系,提升气象灾害辅助应急保障能力,最大限度的降低灾害影响和损失。     

气象大喇叭对虎林区域农村防灾减灾的意义

介绍了气象大喇叭的功能特点、设计原理以及气象大喇叭对解决气象信息闭塞和预测预警信息发布渠道不畅的农村和偏远村庄的防灾减灾的意义。     

贵州省自然灾害对农业经济的影响分析

贵州属于典型喀斯特地区,生态环境比较脆弱,自然灾害的发生频率较高,加之经济发展较为落后,自然灾害给农业经济发展带来巨大的影响.     

基于ETABS结构分析软件的框架结构耗能减震分析

为了研究阻尼器在高层建筑中的耗能减震效果,基于ETABS有限元分析程序,采用非线性动力时程分析方法对使用粘滞阻尼器的某高层建筑进行了7度地震作用下结构的地震响应分析。结构地震反应分析表明,结构在附加耗能器状态下,位移、层间位移角、剪力都有所降低。阻尼器明显起到了耗能减震作用。     

Successful eradication of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and house mouse (Mus musculus) from the island of Selvagem Grande (Macaronesian archipelago), in the Eastern Atlantic

The Portuguese island of Selvagem Grande (Great Salvage) in Macaronesia is an important seabird breeding station in the eastern Atlantic. Significant populations of Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769), Bulwer's petrel Bulweria bulweria (Jardine & Selby, 1828) and little shearwater Puffinus assimilis baroli (Bonaparte, 1857) are present, and white-faced storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina (Latham, 1790) and Madeiran storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt, 1851) populations are of global significance. Selvagem Grande also provides diverse habitats for an extensive flora, including 11 endemic species. The 270-ha island was also inhabited by two alien invasive mammals: the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the house mouse Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both are known to have had adverse impacts on breeding seabirds and island vegetation. In 2002, the Natural Park of Madeira conducted a program using brodifacoum bait formulations aimed at rabbit and mouse eradication. Approximately 17 000 individual baiting points were established on a 12.5 × 12.5 m grid. Baits were also applied by hand “seeding” on steep slopes and cliffs where bait stations could not be placed. Rabbits were removed after a month. However, mice persisted for considerably longer and strategic bait applications against them continued for a further six months. Subsequent assessments by trapping, bait takes and systematic observation of signs over three years, has confirmed the removal of both alien invasive species. This paper presents information on these operations, on measures adopted to mitigate adverse impacts of the eradication program on important vertebrate non-target species, including Berthelot's pipit Anthus berthelotii Bolle, 1862 and a species of gecko Tarentola bischoffi Joger, 1984 and on the initial response of the island's ecosystem to the eradication of rabbits and mice.     

Quantitative Risk Assessment for Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Attributable to Recreational Use of Farmland

Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum infection is a major cause of enteric illness in man and there is a significant reservoir in animals, particularly young ruminant species. To preliminary assess the magnitude of the risk posed by contact with faeces produced by infected livestock, two microbiological risk assessments have been developed: one for the risk of human infection with C. parvum while camping on contaminated land recently grazed by infected suckler cattle and a comparable risk assessment for camping on land recently spread with contaminated cattle slurry. Using a worst‐case scenario approach, the upper level of risk was estimated to be one infection in every 6211 person‐visits for a camping event on land recently grazed by infected cattle. Translated into camping events of 100 persons, this risk estimate would most likely lead to zero (98% likelihood) or one infection (1% likelihood). The results for cattle slurry model are similar despite different pathways. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the grazing cattle model only. This suggested that the time between grazing and camping was the most important control strategy, but increasing hand‐washing frequency and the removal of cattle faeces before camping would also be beneficial. If the upper level of risk were to be judged unacceptable then further data would be required to more accurately estimate the risk of infection through these scenarios. Further research would also be required to assess the fraction of cases attributable to camping and/or environmental contact with Cryptosporidium oocysts.