广东省畜禽粪便污染及综合防治对策

结合广东省畜禽饲养量 ,采用各类畜禽粪便及其污染物的排泄系数 ,估算出畜禽粪便污染物排放总量、污染物流失量。研究发现 :畜禽养殖业的粪尿流失量是工业固体废弃物的 2 1倍 ;COD和NH3 -N的流失量分别是生活和工业废水的COD和NH3 -N排放量的 1 4倍和 1 7倍 ,畜禽粪便造成的环境污染是农村面源污染的主要原因。并提出采用综合防治的思路解决广东省畜禽养殖的污染问题     

基于光谱技术的畜禽污水化学需氧量快速测定方法的研究

化学需氧量(COD)是评价水体污染程度的一项重要综合性指标。随着环境污染问题的日益严重，传统的测量方法由于存在分析成本高、时间长，并且还会造成二次污染等问题，已经不能够满足污水检测的需求，提出了采用光谱技术进行畜禽污水COD快速测定的方法。采用ASD公司的便携式光谱仪，选用容积分别为1000 mL和2000 mL的烧杯作为盛样容器，对18个不同COD浓度水平的污水样本进行了测量。通过吸光度与水样COD值的相关性分析表明，水样的光谱特性与COD值之间存在较好的相关性，以此建立偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明，两种不同盛样容器(1000 mL、2000 mL)下的预测决定系数达到0.9895和0.9985，校正样本标准偏差为14.2和11.5，预测样本标准偏差为22和32，预测相对偏差均在10％以下，能够满足农业工程应用的要求。说明可以利用光谱技术对畜禽污水的COD含量进行定量分析，COD预测模型的建立也将为开发水质在线检测仪器提供技术基础。     

Variable-timing,fixed-rate application of cattle biogas effluent to rice using a leaf color chart: microcosm experiments in Vietnam

ABSTRACT

Livestock production plays a leading role in agricultural land-use change. Producing biogas from livestock waste and subsequently using the biogas effluent as fertilizer for crops is a promising option to solve environmental problems resulting from expanding livestock production. However, it is difficult to promptly and accurately measure the nitrogen (N) concentration of effluent for farmers in developing countries, making precise N management difficult. The objectives of the current study were (1) to evaluate the feasibility of variable-timing, fixed-rate application of cattle biogas effluent using a leaf color chart (LCC) for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and (2) to determine the optimum LCC threshold for grain yield. We conducted two microcosm experiments in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam in 2018 using eight treatments of N-fertilizer application. In the Zero treatment, we applied no N. In the Estd treatment, we split-applied N as effluent (E) at fixed rate and timing as the standard method. In E2.75, E3.00, E3.25, E3.50, and E3.75, we applied effluent whenever the LCC value went below 2.75, 3.00, 3.25, 3.50, and 3.75, respectively. In U3.25, we applied N as urea (U) whenever the LCC value fell below 3.25. The total effluent-N application rate ranged from 90 to 210 kg N ha^?1 season^?1. Rice growth was normal but there was a substantial yield gap between the two microcosm experiments due to the seasonal difference in solar radiation. Rice yield tended to increase with increasing LCC threshold. There was a positive linear relationship between LCC and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values (R ² = 0.73–0.79). Grain yield was well explained (R ² = 0.70–0.89) by the seasonal mean LCC or SPAD value. Plant total N uptake increased with increasing LCC threshold, but the three calculated indices of N use efficiency (NUE) – apparent N recovery, agronomic NUE, and internal NUE – were not always improved with a higher LCC threshold. Our results showed that the tested variable-timing, fixed-rate strategy for the application of cattle biogas effluent was feasible and the optimum LCC threshold for grain production was 3.75 under the current microcosm conditions.     

重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究

畜禽养殖产生的粪便已成为我国农村面源污染的主要来源，因而畜禽粪便的排放量也越来越引起人们的重视。通过对重庆市畜禽养殖业进行调查，结合国内外有关研究，确定重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量估算方法和各种估算参数。以2001年为基准，估算出重庆市主要畜禽(猪、牛、羊、马、兔、家禽等)年粪尿排放量和粪尿中对环境产生污染的主要物质量(有机质、氮、磷、钾)，以便对重庆市畜禽粪便污染作一个定量的认识。估算结果为重庆市2001年畜禽粪尿排放7421万t，其中有机质为806万t，氮42.5万t、磷21.48万t、钾44.98万t。该研究结果可为重庆市工农业生产布局和环境污染治理提供决策依据。     

家畜营养缓释弹丸的研制及其在家畜瘤胃中的降解曲线

利用几缓释试剂加上几种赋形剂和微量矿物元素，按不同的处方进行合理配方，在弹丸模具中通过磨碎、混合、霁压等工艺成型为家畜营养缓释弹丸。将此弹丸每2枚分为一组，共分8组，分别称重后，经瘤胃瘘管投服给8只供试羊只，并且左右其降解的2.8，15,30,45,60,75和90d分别收集被降解后弹丸，置于65℃干烘箱内烘2h，室温放置12h后逐个称重；用直接投服的方法，将弹丸投服给另外6只供试羊只，分别在投饲后第60d和第90d时各屠宰3只供试羊收集弹丸。结果表明：家畜营养缓释弹丸在羊瘤胃中的降解率分别为0.97%，5.29%，16.17%，31.63%，34.26%，41.47%，43.76%和49.73%；采用直接投服的方法，在第60d、第90d屠宰时弹丸重量分别为 15.98克和13.80克。     

山东省东营市种草养畜产业化经营调查

通过对山东省东营市种草养畜产业化经营情况的调查,与湟中县的种草养畜情况进行对比分析,提出了加快湟中县种草养畜产业化发展的对策和措施。     

吉林省畜牧机械化发展状况刍议

吉林省是农业大省．有大力发展畜牧业的基础。本文介绍了国内外畜牧业的发展现状，指出了吉林省发展畜牧业存在的问题，给出了相应的对策。认为在未来的发展中应该采取以机械化促进畜牧业的发展．以畜牧业的发展来带动机械化的方法，来进一步提高和完善吉林省的畜牧业机械化，使其能够更好的为吉林省的畜牧和经济建设服务。     

Livestock Services and the Poor

This paper reviews the economic framework for the delivery of livestock services to the poor. It is argued that the demand for livestock products is likely to increase rapidly and the ability of the poor to participate in the opportunities presented by this growth is linked critically to the availability of good service support, both on the input and output side. Governments therefore have a responsibility to supply the necessary public goods (including the institutions and legal frameworks), and the market infrastructure for facilitating the emergence of efficient markets for livestock services. The paper further argues that the dynamics of public policy in developing countries are much more complex than the simple application of economic logic. It is the larger political economy that often dictates policy choices. It is therefore important to integrate political economy and governance issues into the economic debate on livestock service delivery. The paper also reviews the context in which the markets for livestock services will need to function. Different countries are facing very different sets of issues, and the identification of possible interventions in livestock service markets would require careful field research and analysis. In this context, the paper suggests the elements of a research agenda for the next few years.