地衣芽孢杆菌LCB-8的紫外诱变及优良菌株的选育

[目的]对地衣芽孢杆菌LCB-8进行紫外诱变,以提高其产淀粉酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的能力。[方法]利用紫外线进行诱变,并对诱变株淀粉酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活力进行定性和定量测定。[结果]当紫外诱变的时间为30 s时,菌落的致死率达72.4%,因此紫外线照射诱变最佳时间为30 s。经初筛和复筛,得到2株较好的诱变株。其中,DY-97的淀粉酶活提高150%,蛋白酶活提高78%,纤维素酶活提高17%;DY-34的纤维素酶活提高31%,淀粉酶活提高46%,蛋白酶活提高64%。[结论]通过诱变筛选得到的DY-97可用于含蛋白质和淀粉较多的饲料发酵,而DY-34可用于含纤维素较多的饲料发酵。     

红叶石楠芽变株系组培快繁技术研究

以红叶石楠芽变带芽茎段为外植体,开展组培快繁技术研究,重点探索6-BA,NAA,IBA浓度组合对变异株系的增殖、生根及性状稳定性的影响。结果表明:最适宜的增殖培养基为:MS+0.5 mg·L-1NAA+1.5 mg·L-16-BA,变异性状稳定率达到100%;最适宜的生根培养基为:1/2MS+0.5 mg·L-1NAA,30 d生根率达到68%,移栽成活率达90%以上。     

水稻空间诱变特异矮秆突变体CHA-1变异特性研究

针对籼稻品种特华占经高空气球搭载空间诱变后产生的稳定特异矮秆突变体CHA-1,研究和考察了其主要的农艺、经济以及生理性状的变异特性．结果表明：与原种特华占相比,突变体CHA-1在多个性状上同时发生了正向或负向变异,其中株高明显变矮,单株穗质量、穗长、第一枝梗数、实粒数、结实率、千粒质量、谷粒宽和着粒密度明显发生了负向变异,但有效穗数明显增多,谷粒长宽比增大．CHA-1在开花习性上与原种相比变化不大,但其柱头外露率有所增加,花粉育性和生活力都有所降低,花粉粒大小呈现出大、中、小3种类型的变异．     

改进RVA法在河流水文情势评价中的应用

【目的】研究改进变化范围法(Range of Variability Approach,RVA)中各水文指标对生态环境的响应程度,以有效避免RVA在评价河流整体水文情势时容易忽略低度、中度改变指标的不足,为河流生态系统的管理决策提供参考。【方法】基于改进的RVA算法充分考虑了5类33个水文指标与生态系统之间的响应程度,并将层次分析法(主观赋权法)与熵权法(客观赋权法)相结合赋予各指标生态权重,集结并累加各指标综合生态权重与单个水文指标改变度,综合评价河流水文情势的整体改变度。以渭河关中段为例,依据林家村、咸阳、华县水文站1960-2010年的日径流资料,借助Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法诊断径流序列突变点,采用RVA法计算单个水文指标的改变度,利用改进的RVA法对渭河关中段水文情势的整体改变度进行评价。【结果】利用未改进的RVA方法计算得到渭河关中段林家村、咸阳、华县控制断面的整体改变度分别为75%,69%,67%,均属于高度改变;而用改进RVA算法计算得到的林家村、咸阳控制断面的整体改变度分别为51%,40%,属于中度改变,华县控制断面的整体改变度为29%,属于低度改变。对比两种不同评价结果并进行合理性分析可知,基于改进RVA方法的评价结果更加贴近河道所提供的整体信息和指标改变度的分布特征,符合客观实际。【结论】通过赋予各水文指标生态权重,综合考虑各水文指标与生态系统之间的响应程度,能有效融合33个水文指标在评价河流整体改变度时的内涵,研究成果更加客观且符合实际。     

利用EMS进行茄子种质资源创新

[目的]利用EMS诱变进行茄子种质资源创新,为茄子新品种选育及其相关基因功能研究提供良好材料.[方法]在25℃下利用不同浓度(0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%)的EMS溶液诱变处理茄子种子,筛选出适宜的EMS诱变浓度;然后以适宜浓度的EMS诱变液处理茄子种子,经过催芽后播种、定植,在植株的整个生育期进行相关性状调查.[结果]以1.0% EMS诱变处理18h后,茄子种子的发芽率可达80%,适宜构建茄子突变体库.209茄子种子经1.0% EMS诱变处理18h后催芽播种,最终获得984份M1代突变材料,且这些突变材料在长势、叶片形状、叶片颜色、分枝数、果实长度、果实颜色及雄性不育等方面表现出丰富的变异.[结论]经EMS诱变处理获得的M1代茄子表现出丰富的变异,可为其新品种选育及基因功能研究提供良好材料.     

不同浓度甲基磺酸乙酯对紫苏种子萌发的影响

为紫苏突变体库的构建及化学诱变育种提供参考,以奇苏3号紫苏品种为材料,采用实验室培养皿发芽方法研究甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)不同浓度及诱变处理时间对紫苏种子萌发的影响。结果表明:随着EMS浓度增加和处理时间的延长,紫苏种子的发芽势和发芽率均呈下降趋势,即EMS诱变剂对紫苏种子的发芽势和发芽率有明显抑制作用,且EMS浓度对紫苏种子发芽势和发芽率的影响大于诱变处理时间。在处理8h时,EMS诱变紫苏种子的半致死浓度和极限致死浓度分别为1.25%和2.5%。     

Mutation Techniques for Gene Discovery and Crop Improvement

One of the most important breakthroughs in the history of genetics ）was the discovery that mutations can be artificially induced in organisms （van Harten, 1998）. Artificially induced mutations, by physical and chemical mutagens, have greatly advanced the understanding of genetics of higher organisms. Starting in the late 1960＇s, the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） and the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations sponsored extensive research on mutation induction and their application to breeding of food and indnstrial crops that resulted in the introduction of new varieties of rice, wheat, barley, apples, citrus, sugar cane, banana, and others （more than 2 500 officially released new varieties are to be found in the FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database） （hitp：//www-mvd.iaea.org/MVD/default.htm）. However, the usefulness of mutation techniques has been underappreciated in research communities, particularly during the last decade, when more and more researchers and breeders were rushing into molecular marker techniques and transgenic plants. In this paper, after a brief review of the past accomplishments of mutation induction and its application, we discuss the uniqueness of induced mutations in gene discovery and how to integrate induced mutants into functional genomics programs;     

金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离耐氟喹诺酮类药物株的gyrA和grlA基因突变

对 5株临床分离的耐氟喹诺酮类药物的金黄色葡萄球菌 (MIC值范围 :4～≥ 12 8mg/ L) ,提取各细菌染色体DNA,对 gyr A和 grl A基因进行 PCR扩增 ,产物与 p MD18- T载体连接 ,转化至大肠杆菌 JM10 9感受态细胞 ,筛选阳性克隆 ,测序。序列分析结果表明 ,5株菌均发生了基因突变。突变位点 grl A:Ser80 (TCC)→ Phe(TGC) ,Ser80 (TCC)→ Tyr(TAC) ;gyr A:Ser84 (TCA)→ L eu(TTA )、Ser84 (TCA)→ Ala(GCA)、Glu88(GAA)→ L ys(AAA) ,其中 2株对氟喹诺酮类药物的 MIC值低 (4～ 6 4 m g/ L) ,均发生 grl A单一点突变 ,其余 3株在 gyr A和 grl A上产生多突变位点 ,且对氟喹诺酮类药物的 MIC值较高 (8～≥ 12 8mg/ L )。说明单一的点突变只能引起低水平或中等水平的耐药 ,高水平的耐药需要多位点的突变。 5株耐药菌株均发生 grl A Ser80→ Tyr(Phe)点突变 ,提示环丙沙星、诺氟沙星等氟喹诺酮类药物作用于金黄色葡萄球菌的首要靶酶是拓扑异构酶 Iv     

ADAMTS17 mutation associated with primary lens luxation is widespread among breeds

Primary lens luxation (PLL) is a well-recognized, painful and potentially blinding inherited ocular condition in dogs. We screened PLL-affected dogs of 30 different breeds, to identify those which carried a previously described c.1473+1 G>A mutation in ADAMTS17 that is associated with PLL in Miniature Bull terriers, Lancashire Heelers, and Jack Russell terriers. This ADAMTS17 mutation was identified in PLL-affected dogs from 14 additional breeds. PLL-affected dogs from some breeds (most notably the Shar pei and the Brittany spaniel) did not carry the G1473+1A ADAMTS17 mutation, indicating they must suffer from a genetically distinct form of the condition. We also estimated the frequency of this ADAMTS17 mutation in some of the breeds. Our findings indicate the mutation segregates in a large number of different breeds of dog, many of which are terriers or breeds with terrier co-ancestry, but some of which have more diverse origins. Our results also indicate that the mutation is present at high frequency within most of the breeds in which it segregates. In the miniature bull terrier breed estimates of mutation frequency ranged from 0.27 to 0.39, corresponding to 7.3-15.2% PLL-affected dogs in this breed. We also identified an increased risk of PLL associated with heterozygosity at ADAMTS17, suggesting that carriers carry a low risk of developing PLL.     

亚硝酸诱变选育黄霉素高产菌的研究

采用亚硝酸诱变方法对黄霉素产生菌进行诱变处理,利用菌株抗自身代谢物的特征,在添加高浓度黄霉素的分离培养基上选育获得优良高产突变株sg2-N2-2,比发酵菌株的发酵单位提高了7.2倍,而且变株的菌落形态与亲本菌株差异较大。