WEIGHTING FUNCTION IN NONLOCAL STRAIN SOFTENING DAMAGE MODEL

In the paper,the weighting function is investigated which plays an importantpart in nonlocal strain softening damage model.Its expression is derived and behaviours including therelationship between the weighting function and the characteristic length of heterogeneous materialsare analyzed.The method for calculating monlocal quantities is also presented.Selecting of theweighting function has important significance for more objectively establishing nonlocal damagemodel and analysis of damage of heterogeneous materials by numerical methods.     

芝麻品种主成分分析和遗传距离测定及其在杂交育种中的应用

对３１个芝麻品种进行了主成分分析及遗传距离测定和聚类分析，结果表明，３１个品种可分为１４类，在类群间（Ｄ＾２≥１２．５０）组配组合是有效的，类群内组配不利于遗传多样性和优良变异材料的选育。地理远缘品种在遗传上不一定远缘，而近缘品种由于选择方向不同可能成为遗传远缘。     

Chromosomal location of a gene (Rkn-mnl) for resistance to the root-knot nematode transferred into wheat from Aegilops variabilis

Root-knot nematode is a significant root-parasite of common wheat. A dominant gene Rkn-mnl for resistance was transferred into wheat from Acgilops variabilis. This gene was shown to be on chromosome 3B. Further analysis indicated that it is on the long arm of this chromosome and independent of the centromere.     

棉花正反交组合F1代性状的比较研究

按不完全双列杂交,以美国抗虫棉品种A1～A6为父本,国内常规棉品种B7～B12为母本,得到正交组合36个;以B系列为父本,A系列为母本,得到反交组合36个。2002年在湖南长沙、宁乡、南县、澧县4个实验点进行组合F1代产量、纤维品质、抗虫性等性状的正反交比较试验。结果表明:棉花纤维品质在正反交间无差异,棉花纤维品质性状遗传为非细胞质遗传;无论是子棉产量还是皮棉产量,抗虫杂交棉正、反交F1代间存在极显著差异,而且在构成产量的各个因子中,铃重在正反交间的差异达到了显著水平;从抗虫性方面看,正交组合的抗虫性稍好,其中对四代棉铃虫的抗性,正反交间差异达极显著水平。     

不同时期施钾对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控

【目的】通过甘薯不同时期施用钾肥的大田试验,探讨不同时期施用钾肥对甘薯光合产物运转动力的调控效应。【方法】选用典型的食用型甘薯品种"北京553",以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,于2011 2012年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行大田试验。试验处理为:不施用钾肥(CK)、全部钾肥基施(JS)、全部钾肥封垄期追施(FS)和全部钾肥高峰期追施(GS)。分析不同时期施用钾肥对功能叶光合产物的输出能力、运输茎的农艺特性、源-库间光合产物运输的渗透动力(茎顶-基部间碳水化合物、氨基酸和K+浓度梯度)及块根中光合产物积累特性的影响。【结果】施用钾肥可显著提高块根鲜薯产量和干重,提高块根膨大速率,其中,基施和封垄期追施钾肥处理增幅较大。基施钾肥显著降低生长前期(栽秧后50 d左右)功能叶碳水化合物含量和蔗糖/淀粉比值,提高生长中后期(栽秧后110 d、170 d左右)功能叶中蔗糖和蔗糖/淀粉比值,增幅分别为10.01%和27.14%(2011),16.16%和61.57%(2012),提高该时期功能叶蔗糖的输出能力。基施还提高生长前期基部茎粗,两年增幅均在20%以上,增大光合产物运输的横截面积;基施和封垄期追施钾肥处理提高生长中后期分枝数,基施处理两年增幅的均值为36.53%和48.44%,封垄期追施的为19.60%和46.17%;同时,降低生长中后期源-库距离,提高有效距离(51—200 cm)所占比例。茎顶部到基部间氨基酸和K+浓度逐渐降低,施用钾肥能提高该浓度梯度的降幅,提高渗透动力,以基施和封垄期追施效果较好,其中,氨基酸浓度两处理的平均增幅分别为87.58%和39.56%,K+浓度的平均增幅分别为272.81%和75.58%。基施钾肥显著降低生长前中期茎基部蔗糖和淀粉含量,基施和封垄期追施钾肥可显著降低生长后期茎顶部和基部蔗糖含量,同时降低淀粉含量。【结论】施用钾肥可减少生长前期功能叶中淀粉的合成,保证块根中光合产物的充足供应,扩大运输通道的横截面积,提高茎部运输的渗透动力促进茎基部光合产物的卸载,及时形成较强的库,提高生长中后期功能叶蔗糖含量和可运输态(蔗糖)的比例,增加光合产物运输通道数量,降低运输距离,提高运输有效性,并提高茎部运输的渗透动力,促进茎基部光合产物卸载,促进块根的膨大,形成高产。在本试验条件下,基施钾肥处理最优。     

切沟对沟岸地土壤水分的影响

In order to preliminarily look at rules for soil moisture changes in the bank of the gully and to provide some recommendations for vegetative restoration in gully bank regions in the Loess Plateau, changes of soil moisture with depth and distance to the gully edge and their dynamic changes with time were observed to study the soil water characteristics in the bank of the gully. The results showed that soil water content increased with increasing distance from the gully edge, whereas for the same time period, the closer the distance to the gully wall, the greater the water loss; and that the influential distance of side evaporation decreased as depth increased.     

模板法自动提取遥感图像耕地变化信息的研究

该文在多时相遥感图像中采用主成份差异法提取耕地变化信息，研究的关键在于差值前如何进行图像匹配、如何自动提取变化信息以及差值后如何确定变化阈值。在逐像元判断是否变化时，根据计算机视觉的数据处理思想提出一种采用(2n+1)×(2n+1)判断模板进行判断的方法，这种方法可以大幅度地改善单像元判断的效果。经试验，提取耕地变化信息的准确程度达85％以上，可以替代人工判读的工作。     

应用实测含水率剖面估算冬小麦相对根长密度分布

根长密度是根系研究中不可缺少的一个参数，但其适时准确的测定却存在相当的困难。该文应用平均根系吸水速率反求方法，提出了在已知两个实测含水率剖面的条件下，估算相对根长密度分布的方法，并通过田间实验和土柱实验对该方法进行了检验，结果表明：该方法可以较好地估算相对根长密度的分布，为土壤水分运移的连续模拟提供较为可靠的参数。     

基于自适应逆控制的干燥窑温度控制方法研究

针对传统产品干燥温度控制过程中所使用的非自适应反馈控制器参数不易调整的不足，提出了基于反馈误差学习(Feedback-Error-Learning, FEL)的自适应逆控制方法，并将其应用于JBGZ-2.0型干燥试验窑的温度控制。该方法使用一个传统的反馈控制器和一个可自适应调整的神经网络控制器共同作用，其中神经网络的自适应参考信号采用反馈误差，使算法简单并易于实现。由于采用了PID控制器，神经网络的学习无需事先训练即可使系统保证稳定。试验证明：与只用PID控制器方法相比，该方法不但能保证系统稳定性要求，又能满足控制系统的自适应性和未确定性要求，具有更好的动态响应特性，系统响应快，超调小，稳态精度高，在系统参数变化时温度控制稳态误差由只用PID时的3℃提高到0.5℃。     

Database derived microsatellite markers (SSRs) for cultivar differentiation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica oleracea</Emphasis>

Fifty-nine Brassica oleracea cultivars, belonging to five botanical varieties, were evaluated for microsatellite (SSR) polymorphisms using 11 database sequence derived primer pairs. The cultivars represented 12 broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica), ten Brussels sprouts (B. o. var. gemmifera), 21 cabbage (B. o. var. capitata, including the groups white and red cabbage), six savoy cabbage (B. o. var. sabauda), and ten cauliflower (B. o. var. botrytis) cultivars from 13 seed suppliers. The 11 primer pairs amplified in total 47 fragments, and differentiated 51 of the cultivars, whereas the remaining eight cultivars were differentiated from the rest in four inseparable pairs. All SSR markers, except one, produced a polymorphic information content (PIC value) of 0.5 or above. The average diversity for all markers within the tested material was 0.64. There was no major difference in the diversity within botanical varieties and groups. The cluster analysis and the resulting dendrogram showed that the cultivars tended to group within these taxonomic units. The present study substantiates the use of microsatellite markers as a powerful tool for cultivar differentiation and identification in vegetable brassicas.