里下河农区主要土壤养分变化趋势分析??以江苏省宝应县为例

以宝应县2005年测土配方施肥数据为基础,结合1984年、1989年、1994年、2000年土壤普查数据,分析了宝应县土壤养分（有机质、有效P、速效K）变化趋势。结果发现：20年来,土壤有机质、有效P、速效K含量具有相似的变化规律,属典型的“V”型变化结构,即1984—1994年土壤有机质、速效K含量呈下降趋势,有效P含量呈稳定趋势;1994—2005年土壤有机质、有效P、速效K含量均呈上升趋势,且都达到或超过第二次土壤普查养分水平。且土壤有机质、有效P空间分布差异明显,速效K空间分布稳定。不同土壤类型的土壤有机质、有效P含量均呈上升趋势,速效K含量呈稳定趋势。土壤养分上升幅度大小为：有效P＞有机质＞速效K。     

长期施肥和耕作管理对华北平原土壤肥力的影响

In the North China Plain, fertilizer management and tillage practices have been changing rapidly during the last three decades; however, the influences of long-term fertilizer applications and tillage systems on fertility of salt-affected soils have not been well understood under a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) annual double cropping system. A field experiment was established in 1985 on a Cambosol at the Quzhou Experimental Station, China Agricultural University, to investigate the responses of soil fertility to fertilizer and tillage practices. The experiment was established as an orthogonal design with nine treatments of different tillage methods and/or fertilizer applications. In October 2001, composite soil samples were collected from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers and analyzed for soil fertility indices. The results showed that after 17 years of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer and straw applications, soil organic matter (SOM) in the top layer was increased significantly from 7.00 to 9.30–13.14 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 4.00 to 5.48–7.75 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer. Soil total N (TN) was increased significantly from 0.37 and 0.22 to 0.79–1.11 and 0.61–0.73 g N kg-1 in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers, respectively, with N fertilizer application; however, there was no apparent effect of straw application on TN content. The amounts of soil total P (TP) and rapidly available P (RP) were increased significantly from 0.60 to 0.67–1.31 g kg-1 in the 0–20 cm layer and from 0.52 to 0.60–0.73 g kg-1 in the 20–40 cm layer with P fertilizer application, but were decreased with combined N and P fertilizer applications. The applications of N and P fertilizers significantly increased the crop yields, but decreased the rapidly available potassium (RK) in the soil. Straw return could only meet part of the crop potassium requirements. Our results also suggested that though some soil fertility parameters were maintained or enhanced under the long-term fertilizer and straw applications, careful soil quality monitoring was necessary as other nutrients could be depleted. Spreading straw on soil surface before tillage and leaving straw at soil surface without tillage were two advantageous practices to increase SOM accumulation in the surface layer. Plowing the soil broke aggregates and increased aeration of the soil, which led to enhanced organic matter mineralization.     

塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响

Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.     

长期用生活污水处理厂排放的废水浇灌影响了糙米和土壤中重金属的含量

A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.     

增施绿肥与降低氮肥对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了增施绿肥7500kg/hm^2后减施无机N肥施用量对小麦产量、经济性状、土壤肥力和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,绿肥＋70%N处理比当地农民习惯施肥模式（FFP）增产829～1525kg/hm^2,增产率为10.7%～22.9%,且土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K和有机质含量均较高,能...     

不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理研究

筛选和培育耐低磷植物是缓解磷矿资源缺乏和提高磷肥利用效率的有效途径之一。本研究在前期材料筛选的基础上,通过根箱试验研究不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理,其结果如下:在施磷和不施磷处理条件下,磷高效油菜品种B56（HG）的吸磷量和生物量均高于磷低效品种B10（LG）;两油菜品种根际土壤中的NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po和 NaOH-Pi,NaOH-Po四种磷素形态均有显著的亏缺现象;磷高效品种（HG）根际土壤上述四种磷素形态亏缺程度大于磷低效品种（LG）,但Resin-P则出现富集,并且HG的富集程度大于LG,这可能与HG具有较高吸磷能力有关。两油菜品种根际土壤HCl-Pi 和 残渣态磷（Residual-P）没有发生明显的亏缺现象。相比较而言,HG能分泌更多的酸性磷酸酶,该酶活性与NaHCO3-Po含量呈显著的负相关,说明酸性磷酸酶对有机磷矿化起着非常重要的作用。     

有机无机肥配施对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了无机肥配施不同用量有机肥对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著增加菜地土壤氮素径流流失量.单施无机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失量均最高,分别为4.20,1.22,2.30kg/hm2.配施有机肥可降低不同形态氮流失量,且随有机肥配施量增加而显著降低.配施高量有机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵...     

早期妊娠猕猴孕激素水平的检测

利用全自动化学发光免疫分析仪检测正常未妊娠的与不同孕期猕猴血清中雌二醇及孕酮的分泌水平。结果表明孕5d、10d、25d、30d血清孕酮比正常猕猴的分泌水平有非常明显的上升（P〈0.01）,孕15d也有显著的上升（P〈0.05）;孕15d、20d的雌二醇分泌水平比正常组有非常显著升高（P〈0.01）,而孕5d、10d、2...     

奶牛饲喂不同精粗料比TMR对排泄粪尿和氮磷的影响

将18头荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为试验6组,每组3头,试验Ⅰ～Ⅵ组奶牛依次饲喂不同精粗料比（精料：粗料）的TMR1（20∶80）、TMR2（30∶70）、TMR3（40∶60）、TMR4（50∶50）、TMR5（60∶40）、TMR6（70∶30）的日粮,探讨不同精粗料比TMR对奶牛粪尿、N、P的排泄量和CH4释放量的影响。结果,饲喂TMR4与饲喂TMR1和TMR6的奶牛相比,每头奶牛每年CH4释放量减少15.20Kg和89.84Kg;粪便排泄量减少1.37t和1.41t;N降低3.71kg和17.50kg;P减少2.59kg和4.07kg,比TMR1FCM提高10.54%（P〈0.05）;乳脂率增加9.67%（P〈0.05）;乳糖增加7.26%（P〈0.05）,能减少奶牛对土壤水源及空气的污染,提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益。     

安康市5种冷季型草坪草外观质量评价研究

对安康市5种冷季型草坪草的综合评价表明:高羊茅质地较粗糙,越夏性能良好,在安康市外观质量综合评价最高;多年生黑麦草质地稍好,越夏性能较差,但能很快恢复;紫羊茅、草地早熟禾、匍匐剪股颖质地好,越夏性能差,恢复较困难,外观质量综合评价较差.