安徽省农科院现代农业生产发展资金项目建设探讨

现代农业生产发展资金项目是利用中央财政专项扶持资金实施的重点支农项目,对于农业技术创新与推广、拓展农民增收、保持农业的可持续发展、提高农业产业化水平具有重要作用。该文总结安徽省农科院4项现代农业生产发展项目建设的主要成效和主要做法,并提出促进项目进一步顺利开展的建议。     

叶绿素荧光动力学参数作为植物抗盐性评价指标的有效性

为探讨叶绿素荧光动力学参数作为植物抗盐性评价指标的有效性,以4个抗盐性不同的树种白榆、新疆枸杞、南蛇藤、小叶丁香的1年生实生苗为试验材料,测定几种抗盐性不同的植物盐胁迫下叶绿素荧光动力学参数最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、初始荧光(Fo)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(φPSⅡ)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)的变化.结果表明:盐碱胁迫对不同树种苗木PSⅡ的功能产生了抑制,随胁迫强度的增加,4个树种苗木Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ总体表现出下降的趋势;Fo表现出上升的趋势;NPQ有的树种呈下降的趋势,有的先升后降.研究表明,盐胁迫下几个树种Fm、Fv、F/Fm的变化与其抗盐性关系较为一致,因此,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm可以作为不同木本植物抗盐性可靠的评价指标;盐胁迫下Fm、NPQ和φPSⅡ的变化与几个树种抗盐性之间没有普遍联系,不能作为评价木本植物抗盐性的有效指标.     

基于模糊控制的牵引电机冷却风机变频节能控制系统

介绍了一种求解旅行商问题的新算法“最小调整法”，给出了该算法求解旅行商问题的具体步骤以及有效性证明，对算法的复杂性及近似程度进行了分析.最后通过典型算例进行了检验说明.与经典算法相比，新算法体现了简单易行的特点，对求解旅行商问题具有一定的启发意义.     

生态文明建设下退耕还湿必要性与成效分析——基于博弈和模糊评价视角

退耕还湿既是生态文明建设的要求,又是人们对美好环境向往的时代需求。以退耕还湿的必要性和成效为研究基点,通过主体利益博弈和模糊综合评判来阐明该工程的推行选择和效益发展。政府和农户利益博弈的结果是双方反复博弈后最终会以群体高比例达成最优均衡战略[服从,补偿],从主体层面表明退耕还湿具有必要性;运用AHP-Fuzzy模型对20个具有代表性的湿地因子从经济、社会、生态3方面效益对三江平原湿地进行综合评价,得出各效益最大隶属度分别是3、4、3,综合效益最大隶属度为3,处于潜力发展期,表明退耕还湿的实施有成效,具有较好的发展前景。最后,针对两种方法和结果,给出了相应结论及相关建议。     

冬种马铃薯免耕栽培种薯消毒方法试验

马铃薯免耕稻草覆盖栽培种薯消毒方法试验结果表明,采用生石灰拌种、克露500倍溶液浸种10min、1000g双飞粉＋20g甲基托布津＋20g多菌灵＋1g新植霉素混合粉剂（自制消毒剂）拌种、50%多菌灵500倍溶液浸种10min、70%百菌清500倍溶液浸种10min和500倍高锰酸钾溶液浸种10min等六种消毒方法,均能取得较好的增产效果,比种薯不经消毒处理直接播种增产45.6%～3.3%;从综合效果看,尤以生石灰拌种、克露浸种和多菌灵浸种处理较好,表现为出苗快、成苗率高、产量高、商品率高。     

一年生禾草喷施增产菌效果试验

对两种一年生禾草喷施增产菌的效果进行了研究。结果表明，叶面喷雾可促进燕麦的生殖生长，籽实提前成熟２￣５ｄ，籽实产量比对照提高２１．７％，纯增收３２５．５０元，产投比为６．１：１．０，高粱鲜草产量比对照提高２９．０％，纯增收５８６．５０元，产投比为１０．１：１．０，拌种＋叶面喷雾对燕麦分蘖有促进作用，可明显提高鲜草产量，纯增收最高可达２５３．５０元，产投比最高可达４．３：１．０。     

常用杀虫剂对新入侵害虫螺旋粉虱的田间药效试验

螺旋粉虱是新入侵中国海南的危性害虫，为迅速压低虫口密度，进而将其逐步扑灭，开展了螺旋粉虱的药剂防治研究；选用2.5%敌杀死乳油、20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂、480g/L乐斯本乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油、2.5%功夫水乳剂、20%啶虫脒可溶性液剂等常用杀虫剂，进行了田间药效试验；结果表明：药后1~10d，2.5%敌杀死乳油的防效在94.09%~100%之间，2.5%功夫水乳剂的防效在91.72%~100%之间，20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂的防效在32.24%~70.96%之间，1.8%阿维菌素乳油的防效在-11.54%~21.54%之间；因此，2.5%敌杀死乳油和2.5%功夫水乳剂是防治时可供选用的良好药剂，20%吡虫啉可溶性液剂和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对螺旋粉虱的速效性和持效性均较差，不适用于螺旋粉虱的防治。     

Screening wild plants of Capsicum annuum for resistance to pepper huasteco virus (PHV): Presence of viral DNA and differentiation among populations

Plants collected in thirteen wild populations of Capsicum annuum from Northwest Mexico were tested for resistance to the pepper huasteco begomovirus (formerly subgroup III) (PHV) that is transmitted by the white fly Bemisia tabaci Genadius. Plants were inoculated using both grafting and biolistic methods. Presence of viral DNA was detected by dot blot hybridization and densitometry. Populations varied in their resistance to PHV. Plants of only two of the populations either did not develop disease symptoms or showed very light symptoms after inoculation. In some cases, symptoms appeared several days after inoculation. In plants of these populations viral DNA was detected by dot-blot hybridization assays but they appear to be a good source of resistance (symptomless) for use in breeding programmes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甲苯咪唑及丙硫苯咪唑对大白鼠不同感染期的旋毛虫肌幼虫杀虫效力

试验采用甲苯咪唑、丙硫苯咪唑单独给药及联合给药,以300ppm混入饲料连续饲喂的方式,对105只人工感染旋毛虫的大白鼠,在不同感染期采用长短不同的给药时间。结果表明:不同感染期的旋毛虫肌幼虫以甲苯咪唑(150ppm)与丙硫苯咪唑(150ppm)联合给药疗效最佳,其次为甲苯咪唑。较经济的给药时间为:感染期在40～90天之间,横纹肌感染量为2343条/克,给药10天;感染期在90～165天之间,横纹肌感染量为2080条/克,给药15天,感染165天以上,横纹肌感染量为2080条/克,给药20天。     

Breeding wheat and rye for resistance to Fusarium diseases

Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Groups 1 and 2 cause seedling blight, crown rot, foot rot and head blight in wheat and rye that may affect grain yield and quality for baking and feeding. This review starts with an analysis of Fusarium populations with regard to their genetic variation for aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and isolate-by-host genotype interaction. To assess resistance in the different host growth stages, quantitative inoculation and disease assessment techniques are necessary. Based on estimated population parameters, breeding strategies are reviewed to improve Fusarium resistance in wheat and rye. Epidemiological and toxicological aspects of Fusarium resistance that are important for resistance breeding are discussed. F. culmorum and F. graminearum display large genetic variation for aggressiveness in isolate collections and in naturally occurring populations. The production of mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol and its derivatives, is a common trait in these populations. Significant isolate-by-host genotype interactions were not found across environments in wheat and rye. Artificial infections in the field are indispensable for improving Fusarium crown rot, foot rot and head blight resistance in wheat and rye. For a reliable disease assessment of large populations, disease severity ratings were found to be the most convenient. The differentiation of host resistance is greatly influenced by an array of nongenetic factors (macro-environment, microclimate, host growth stage, host organ) that show significant interactions with host genotype. Selection for environmentally stable resistance has to be performed in several environments under a maximum array of different infection levels. Selection in early growth stages or on one plant organ does not in most cases allow prediction of resistance in adult-plant stages or another plant organ. Significant genetic variation for resistance exists for all Fusarium-incited diseases in breeding populations of wheat and rye. The patho-systems studied displayed a prevalence of additive gene action with no consistent specific combining ability effects and thus rapid progress can be expected from recurrent selection. In wheat, intensive testing of parental genotypes allows good prediction of the mean head blight resistance after crossing. Subsequent selection during selfing generations enables the use of transgression towards resistance. In hybrid breeding of winter rye, the close correlation between foot rot resistance of inbred lines and their GCA effects implies that selection based on the lines per se should be highly effective. This is not valid for F. culmorum head blight of winter rye caused by a greater susceptibility of the inbred lines compared to their crosses. For both foot rot and head blight resistance, a high correlation between the resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum was found in wheat and rye. Mycotoxin accumulation occurs to a great extent in naturally and artificially infected plant stands. The correlation between resistance traits and mycotoxin contents are medium and highly dependent on the environment. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether greater resistance will lead to a correlated reduction of the mycotoxin content of the grains under natural infection.