Multiple watershed alterations influence fish community structure in Great Plains prairie streams

Stream fish distributions are commonly linked to environmental disturbances affecting terrestrial landscapes. In Great Plains prairie streams, the independent and interactive effects of watershed impoundments and land cover changes remain poorly understood despite their prevalence and assumed contribution to declining stream fish diversity. We used structural equation models and fish community samples from third‐order streams in the Kansas River and Arkansas River basins of Kansas, USA to test the simultaneous effects of geographic location, terrestrial landscape alteration, watershed impoundments and local habitat on species richness for stream‐associated and impoundment‐associated habitat guilds. Watershed impoundment density increased from west to east in both basins, while per cent altered terrestrial landscape (urbanisation + row‐crop agriculture) averaged ~50% in the west, declined throughout the Flint Hills ecoregion and increased (Kansas River basin ~80%) or decreased (Arkansas River basin ~30%) to the east. Geographic location had the strongest effect on richness for both guilds across basins, supporting known zoogeography patterns. In addition to location, impoundment species richness was positively correlated with local habitat in both basins; whereas stream‐species richness was negatively correlated with landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations and watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin). These findings suggest that convergences in the relative proportions of impoundment and stream species (i.e., community structure) in the eastern extent of both basins are related to positive effects of increased habitat opportunities for impoundment species and negative effects caused by landscape alterations (Kansas River basin) or landscape alterations plus watershed impoundments (Arkansas River basin) for stream species.     

A diagnostic survey of shifting cultivation in northern Laos: targeting research to improve sustainability and productivity

About 25% of Laos' four million people practise shifting cultivation (mainly of rice) on a third of the country's cropped area. Official policy is to eliminate shifting cultivation by the year 2000. Diagnostic surveys of shifting cultivation were conducted in Luang Prabang and Oudomsay Provinces in northern Laos to understand the practice from a farmer's perspective, to observe fields, and to identify and give priority to problems and research to address problems. Weeds, low and possibly declining soil fertility, intensification of the cropping cycle, rats (plus birds, wild pigs), and insects lowered rice yields or reduced system sustainability. The forest ecosystem has been degraded by logging, burning, and rice monocropping; and potentials for environmental rehabilitation through natural succession are minimal. Farmers cannot adopt high labor and cash cost innovations; and improved fallow is needed as an intermediate step prior to crop diversification, adoption of agroforestry technologies, and sedentary agriculture.     

适于AFLP分析的澳洲坚果DNA提取方法

利用SDS法和改良CTAB法对澳洲坚果两个品种的基因组DNA进行提取试验,结果表明:SDS法与改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA完整性都比较好,但SDS法获得的DNA含有较多杂质,不能被限制性内切酶消化,改良CTAB法提取的基因组DNA可以完全酶切,DNA质量符合AFLP分析的要求。     

基于遗传算法的高功率PWM整流器

把一种基于遗传算法PI控制器应用于三相PWM整流器.仿真结果了控制策略的可行性及其在改善PWM变换效率方面的优越性.     

基于改进SSD卷积神经网络的苹果定位与分级方法

为实现苹果果径与果形快速准确自动化分级,提出了基于改进型SSD卷积神经网络的苹果定位与分级算法。深度图像与两通道图像融合提高苹果分级效率,即对从顶部获取的苹果RGB图像进行通道分离,并提取分离通道中影响苹果识别精度最大的两个通道与基于ZED双目立体相机从苹果顶部获取的苹果部分深度图像进行融合,在融合图像中计算苹果的纵径相关信息,实现了基于顶部融合图像的多个苹果果形分级和信息输出;使用深度可分离卷积模块替换原SSD网络主干特征提取网络中部分标准卷积,实现了网络的轻量化。经过训练的算法在验证集下的识别召回率、精确率、mAP和F1值分别为93.68%、94.89%、98.37%和94.25%。通过对比分析了4种输入层识别精确率的差异,实验结果表明输入层的图像通道组合为DGB时对苹果的识别与分级mAP最高。在使用相同输入层的情况下,比较原SSD、Faster R-CNN与YOLO v5算法在不同果实数目下对苹果的实际识别定位与分级效果,并以mAP为评估值,实验结果表明改进型SSD在密集苹果的mAP与原SSD相当,比Faster R-CNN高1.33个百分点,比YOLO v5高14.23个百分点...     

水稻种绳直播机改进设计及主要工作部件的有限元分析

对水稻种绳直播机的限深轮与倒绳机构进行了改进设计,并对整机的结构做了调整。其整机长度为5 8 1.8 mm,质量为2 1.1 kg,实现单体可拆卸,携带、安装方便。同时,对水稻种绳直播机的主要工作受力部件开沟器进行了有限元分析。强度分析结果表明:开沟器在线性压力下的最大等效应力为330MPa,小于45钢的屈服强度355MPa,满足强度要求。刚度分析结果表明:开沟器沿Y方向会产生受力变形,最大变形为2.0742mm,位于开沟器尾部,满足刚度要求。     

改进型遗传算法在农网无功优化中的应用

根据农村电网的特点,建立了综合考虑全年网损、电压质量和补偿设备投资的无功优化规划数学模型.应用自适应遗传算法改进了传统遗传算法的遗传算子和终止判据等,提出了一种配电网无功优化的改进型遗传算法,其收敛速度和求解精度均有提高.算法实例表明,改进遗传算法的优化效果优于传统遗传算法.     

一种基于小波包变换和有效值算法

近年来，随着科技的迅猛发展，各种敏感电力电子设备在工业中的应用越来越广泛，使得电压暂降与中断已上升为最严重的电能质量问题。对电压暂降扰动发生、恢复时刻和暂降幅值的检测是电压暂降补偿首先要解决的问题。在对现有的电压暂降检测方法进行仔细的研究和比较后，提出一种将小波包变换和有效值算法相结合的电压暂降检测方法，利用这种方法可以更加准确、简洁地检测出电压暂降扰动。利用小波包变换理论实现了电压暂降的精确定位和消噪处理，其消噪效果优于小波变换；利用有效值算法快速、直观地实现了电压暂降幅值的检测。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

引黄灌区畦田灌水技术试验研究

在华北引黄灌区内,大田作物的主要灌溉方式依然是畦灌。由于畦田规格过长过宽,导致灌溉水浪费严重,灌水效率低下。在平原县张庄管道灌溉示范区进行畦田灌溉试验,研究了黄河下游引黄灌区不同灌水技术参数组合对灌水质量的影响。利用地面灌溉水流运动的计算机模拟软件WinSRFR4.1,对不同规格畦田的灌水过程进行模拟,得出畦田灌溉的田间灌水效率和灌水均匀度,研究不同灌水技术参数组合对灌水质量的影响。综合考虑管道灌溉出水口规格与当地耕作农具尺寸等因素,模拟了多种畦长、畦宽、坡度和单宽流量下灌溉方案的灌水效果,结果表明,畦宽1.5m,畦长50~60m,坡度为0.3%畦田灌溉技术改进方案的灌水效率和灌水均匀度均提高到80%以上,灌水性能较优,建议在黄河下游引黄灌区内推广使用。     

基于混合遗传算法的谐波齿轮传动优化设计

以谐波齿轮传动体积最小为优化设计目标,建立了混合离散变量优化设计数学模型。引入混沌移民算子,对基本遗传算法进行了改进,以维持群体的多样性,提高全局收敛能力。提出了一种设计变量的离散化处理方法,结合染色体编码的修正技术,在遗传算法中染色体按离散化后的设计变量进行离散搜索。开发了混合离散变量优化的改进遗传算法程序,给出了谐波齿轮传动的混合离散变量优化设计实例,所得优化设计参数符合设计规范,不需进一步处理就可直接用于制造。