森林对坡面产流的影响研究

20世纪以来，森林与坡面产流的研究取得了长足进展，尤其在我国研究得比较深入与广泛。观测实验依然占绝对优势，径流小区实验仍是最广泛采用的方法。森林对坡面产流机制、坡面流态、产流量、产流过程、产流临界值都有影响，森林枯落物层对径流也有重要影响。坡面产流模型在森林水文学领域得到了应用。     

竹林水文生态效应研究综述

竹子作为我国重要的森林资源，在各主要竹产区发挥着巨大的经济功能，已形成处于世界领先水平的竹产业体系。然而，现行的竹林经营措施多是以获取最大经济效益为目标体现，一定程度上忽视了竹子良好生态功能的发挥。本文综述了竹子种群和群落结构及土壤、气象等生态因子对竹林水文生态效应的影响研究，阐明了竹子在我国区域生态环境保护方面的重要作用，并对竹林水文生态效应研究进行了展望，指出应加强竹林水文生态学领域的深入研究，实施分类经营、定向培育，以经济、生态效益并重为竹林经营的指导方针。     

宁南山区华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应

应用热脉冲速度记录仪在宁夏固原六盘山地区研究了主要造林树种———华北落叶松的蒸腾耗水规律。结果表明 ,1 3a的单木液流量在生长季中后期 (7～ 1 0月份 )表现出明显的昼夜变化节律 ,夜间液流活动微弱且时断时续 ,其值一般在 0 0 0 0 0 8m3·h- 1 以下 ;白天随太阳辐射和空气温度升高而持续上升 ,其最大值可达 0 0 0 1 0 79m3·h- 1 ,树干径向不同位点液流速度的变化由外向里呈现出低—高—低的态势。用日累积液流量作为单木日蒸腾量的估计值 ,并用“截干测定”方法进行验证 ,结果说明两者的日变化曲线基本吻合 ,后者2 4h蒸腾量为 0 0 0 3 1 7m3,比前者高出仅 8 2 % ,这主要是因为热脉冲仪还难以准确地观测到较弱液流。同时 ,分别以胸径和边材面积作为空间纯量 ,在单木日蒸腾量估算的基准上通过尺度放大转换估计了整个林分的日蒸腾量 ,前者估计值为 0 64mm·d- 1 ,较后者低 0 0 5 1mm·d- 1 ,这与边材长度的确定缺乏足够高的精度有关。最后分析了单木蒸腾量和环境因子间的关系 ,发现太阳辐射强度、空气温度和相对湿度是影响单木日蒸腾量的三个主要环境因子 ,并建立了线性回归模型     

磨盘山水库水文水环境自动测报系统技术方案探讨

根据磨盘山水库供水工程需要 ,提出水文水环境自动测报系统工程的初步设计技术方案。论述系统建设的必要性 ,规划了系统建设规模 ,介绍了系统的先进性 ,进行了初步效益分析     

元谋雨季中期加勒比松林林分水文气象研究

对雨季中期干热河谷加勒比松林林中与林边平均地温、空气相对湿度、树干流量、降雨量、蒸发量等水文气象指标进行了研究.得出了由于树林屏蔽作用的存在,各项水文气象指标分别在林边、林中的影响因子和时空动态变化特点以及其分异规律.     

Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida,U.S.A.

Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soilmarker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table(SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building infringe, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoonwhich receives minor inputs of terrigenous sediments. Vertical accretionmeasures reflect the contribution of surficial sedimentation (sedimentdeposition and surface root growth). Measures of elevation change reflectnot only the contributions of vertical accretion but also those ofsubsurface processes such as compaction, decomposition and shrink-swell. Thetwo measures were used to calculate amounts of shallow subsidence (accretionminus elevation change) in each mangrove forest. The three forest typesrepresent different accretionary environments. The basin forest was locatedbehind a natural berm. Hydroperiod here was controlled primarily by rainfallrather than tidal exchange, although the basin flooded during extreme tidalevents. Soil accretion here occurred primarily by autochthonous organicmatter inputs, and elevation was controlled by accretion and shrink-swell ofthe substrate apparently related to cycles of flooding-drying and/or rootgrowth-decomposition. This hydrologically-restricted forest did notexperience an accretion or elevation deficit relative to sea-level rise. Thetidally dominated fringe and overwash island forests accreted throughmineral sediment inputs bound in place by plant roots. Filamentous turfalgae played an important role in stabilizing loose muds in the fringeforest where erosion was prevalent. Elevation in these high-energyenvironments was controlled not only by accretion but also by erosion and/orshallow subsidence. The rate of shallow subsidence was consistently3–4 mm y^–1 in the fringe and overwash island forests butwas negligible in the basin forest. Hence, the vertical development ofmangrove soils was influenced by both surface and subsurface processes andthe processes controlling soil elevation differed among forest types.The mangrove ecosystem at Rookery Bay has remained stable as sea levelhas risen during the past 70 years. Yet, lead-210 accretion data suggest asubstantial accretion deficit has occurred in the past century (accretionwas 10–20 cm < sea-level rise from 1930 to 1990) in the fringe andisland forests at Rookery Bay. In contrast, our measures of elevation changemostly equalled the estimates of sea-level rise and our short term estimatesof vertial accretion exceeded the estimates by the amount of shallowsubsidence. These data suggest that (1) vertical accretion in this system isdriven by local sea-level rise and shallow subsidence, and (2) the mangroveforests are mostly keeping pace with sea-level rise. Thus, the vulnerabilityof this mangrove ecosystem to sea-level rise is best described in terms ofan elevation deficit (elevation change minus sea-level rise) based on annualmeasures rather than an accretion deficit (accretion minus sea-level rise)based on decadal measures.     

人工淡水湿地的水文过程模拟:综合系统法(摘要)

人工淡水湿地的水文过程模拟:综合系统法(摘要)(英文)@张立$Olentangy River Wetland Research Park,The Ohio State University,352 W.Dodridge Street,Columbus,OH 43210,USA @威廉.杰.米奇$Olentangy River Wetland Research Park,The Ohio State University,352 W.Dodri     

鄂西南5种典型林分枯落物与土壤的持水性能

[目的]探究鄂西南地区典型森林枯落物和土壤的水文特性,分析对比不同林分的持水性能,为区域内选择适宜的造林树种、营造合理的水土保持林提供理论依据与科学参考。[方法]以利川金子山国有林场的5种典型林分为研究对象,采用野外调查与采样、环刀法和室内浸泡法,对比分析各林分枯落物层储量、持水过程、持水能力,以及土壤层持水能力和入渗过程。[结果](1)5种林分枯落物储量表现为：杉木人工林>常绿落叶阔叶混交林>日本落叶松人工林>柳杉人工林>鹅掌楸人工林;最大持水量变化范围在13.94～29.12 t/hm²之间,与枯落物储量变化相一致。(2)枯落物持水量与浸水时间关系为对数函数关系,吸水速率与浸水时间关系为幂函数关系。(3)0—40 cm土壤层最大持水量介于277.02～334.12 t/hm²之间,表现为：鹅掌楸人工林>常绿落叶阔叶混交林>日本落叶松人工林>杉木人工林>柳杉人工林;土壤平均渗透速率变化范围为6.89～22.30 mm/min,稳渗时间在18.40～25.73 min之间,其中鹅掌楸人工林土壤渗...     

滦河的水沙关系及水利工程对下游河道的影响

滦河径流年内分配极不均匀,有73％的输水量和96％的输沙量集中在汛期,大水挟大沙的特征明显.修建于干流上的潘家口水库、大黑汀水库和支流上的桃林口水库控制了流域89.9％的汇水面积,削减了滦河63％的径流量、99.3％的输沙量和汛期30％的径流峰值,引起了下游河道的快速响应,导致河床展宽变浅,出现衰亡迹象.     

安徽老山亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中氮和可溶性有机碳的动态变化

对安徽老山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中可溶性碳和氮动态进行了研究。结果表明,该地区大气降雨pH为6.82,呈中性;TOC含量为3.330mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.405mg/L,NO3-N含量0.501mg/L。降雨经过冠层后,物质成分的含量发生显著改变。穿透雨的TOC含量为10.498mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.454mg/L,NO3-N含量为0.959mg/L,分别是林外降雨的3.15,1.12,1.91倍。树干径流的TOC含量为21.157mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.972mg/L,NO3-N含量为1.040mg/L,分别是林外降雨的6.35,2.40,2.08倍。TOC及氮含量的低值都是出现在夏季生长旺盛期,可能与树木在此期需要大量的养分来维持有关,而林外雨各物质含量的出现低值主要与降雨强度、降雨量有关。