喀斯特裸坡地径流对降雨强度与坡度的响应

为探究喀斯特裸坡坡面在不同降雨强度与坡度组合下径流过程及其径流总量特征。将表层岩溶带中孔(裂)隙视为可透水的"筛孔",设定地下"二元"结构中孔(裂)隙度(5%)一致的情况下,探索裸坡地在不同降雨强度与坡度组合下地表/地下径流过程与总径流量的特征,并以此为基础揭示降雨强度、坡度对喀斯特坡面水文特征的影响。结果表明:(1)在较小降雨强度条件下(≤30 mm/h),裸坡地表并未出现产流迹象,以地下所产生的径流为主。在中大雨强(≥50 mm/h)条件下,裸坡地地表产流,且在设计降雨30 min时长内其径流过程并未出现规律性变化,而地下径流过程则在不同坡度与雨强下均呈现出先增加后趋于平缓的趋势,且其转折点多居于9～12 min时段内。(2)30 min内裸坡地地下总径流量在15 mm/h降雨强度且坡度为5°,10°,15°,20°这4个坡度条件下变化并不显著(P0.05),而其余降雨强度下地下/地表径流量均随着坡度增加差异显著(P0.05);同时除地下径流量与坡度呈极显著负相关(P0.01)外,其余地表/地下径流均与降雨强度与坡度均呈现出极显著正相关(P0.01);(3)降雨强度为大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下首次出现了地下径流系数0.5的情况,证明大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下存在着临界坡度使得地表与地下径流量相接近。研究成果能够为喀斯特坡地水土流失防治提供参考和合理意见。     

Effects of charcoal production on soil physical properties in Ghana

Charcoal production, widespread in Ghana like in other W African countries, is a major driver of land‐cover change. Effects of charcoal production on soil physical, including hydrological, properties, were studied in the forest–savannah transition zone of Ghana. Core and composite samples from 12 randomly selected sites across the width of Kotokosu watershed were taken from 0–10 cm layer at charcoal‐site soils and adjacent field soils (control). These were used to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat), bulk density, total porosity, soil texture, and color. Infiltration rates, surface albedo, and soil‐surface temperature were also measured on both sites. The results showed that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils under charcoal kilns increased significantly (p < 0.01) from 6.1 ± 2.0 cm h^–1 to 11.4 ± 5.0 cm h^–1, resulting to a relative increase of 88%. Soil color became darkened under charcoal kilns with hue, value, and chroma decreasing by 8%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. Bulk density on charcoal‐site soils reduced by 9% compared to adjacent field soils. Total porosity increased from 45.7% on adjacent field soils to 50.6% on earth kilns. Surface albedo reduced by 37% on charcoal‐site soils while soil‐surface temperature increased up to 4°C on average. Higher infiltration rates were measured on charcoal‐site soils, which suggest a possible decrease in overland flow and less erosion on those kiln sites.     

玛纳斯河流域水文循环二元分化生态效应研究

人类活动对水资源的集约高效利用使绿洲水文循环产生了二元分化,天然、人工水循环的彼此消长,改变了水资源在人工绿洲、天然绿洲及过渡带之间的时空分布和转化条件。以新疆玛纳斯河流域为靶区,根据已有的分布式水文循环模型及水文监测资料统计分析得出,绿洲引用水对2000m以上的山地暂无影响,但平原区水循环发生了了以人工水循环为主导的二元分化。人工绿洲、天然绿洲、过渡带和荒漠间生态统一性出现无序化趋势,造成绿洲-荒漠生态呈现出对抗趋势。     

水电站下游鱼类产卵场水温的人工神经网络预报模型

丰满电站下游松花江水文站河段分布有一系列鱼类产卵场,电站拟通过分层取水调控下泄水温,改善下游鱼类生存环境。该文基于大量实测数据分析,建立了松花江站水温的人工神经网络预报模型,通过输入上游吉林水文站的水温与流量,以及地区气象条件,可计算出下游松花江站2日后的水温变化。根据中长期天气预报数据与电站泄流计划,采用该模型通过2日递推的方法,可预测出下游鱼类产卵场的水温变化过程。运用2006-2013年实测数据对网络模型进行训练,然后对2014年松花江站水温变化过程进行计算,计算值与实测值的变化过程甚为吻合,相关系数为0.992,水温平均误差为0.51℃。在水温生态调度运行期间,根据产卵场水温变化的预报数据,可适当调控电站下泄水温,保持适宜的鱼类产卵条件。     

五华河流域景观格局演变对径流泥沙的影响

根据五华河流域1981—2011年逐月的气温、降水、径流量和输沙量数据,以及1991年、2000年和2011年的Landsat TM遥感影像,运用景观格局指数分析方法和统计学方法,从景观水平和斑块类型水平两方面探讨了景观格局演变对径流泥沙的影响。结果表明:景观水平上,景观多样性指数（SEI）和景观边缘密度（ED）与年径流量和年输沙量呈正相关,而景观形状指数（PSCV,AWMSI,AWMPFD）与年径流量、年输沙量、输沙量变差系数呈负相关。类型水平上,林地景观破碎度（PD）和边缘密度（ED）、草地形状指数和边缘密度,建筑用地的斑块破碎度与年径流量、输沙量有明显的正相关关系,而林地斑块形状指数,草地和耕地斑块破碎度,建筑用地边缘密度和形状指数则与年径流量和输沙量呈负相关关系。同时,林地斑块形状指数、草地和耕地斑块破碎度、建筑用地边缘密度和形状指数均与输沙量变差系数存在明显的正相关关系。     

榆林市绿地生态系统土壤水文调控过程及土壤微生物群落特征

为了探究榆林市绿地系统生态水文效应以及绿地土壤微生物群落特征,调查研究了榆林市东沙生态公园绿地土壤理化性质和养分状况,分析了土壤水文调节功能以及土壤微生物群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度,检测分析了绿地不同区域枯枝落物的持水能力和持水过程。结果显示:（1） 东沙生态公园不同区域土壤理化性质与营养状况差别较大,土壤容重变化范围为0.41~1.34 g/cm³,总孔隙度变化范围为42%~71%,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾变化范围分别是9.93~17.69 g/kg,0.97~2.37 g/kg,2.31~6.67 g/kg,23.6~58.12 g/kg;（2） 东沙生态公园不同区域绿地土壤微生物群落特征不一致,停车场区和公园干扰区绿地人流量大,显著影响该区域土壤微生物的丰富度和多样性,公园等人员较少干扰绿地土壤中微生物丰富度和多样性较高;（3） 单一因素差异性分析和PCA分析表明东沙生态公园绿地土壤微生物群落结构与是否晴/雨天无关。（4） 东沙生态公园不同区域绿地枯枝落物储量具有显著差异性,停车场区和公园干扰区绿地表层枯枝落物厚度最大,公园附近绿地枯枝落物厚度最小,并且枯落物储量也具有相似的规律。综上所述,城市绿地生态水文的优良,土壤和表层枯落物尤为重要,为了防治城市内涝,需要加强城市绿地土壤环境的保护,以及减少人为对绿地的干扰。     

基于土壤地形指数的流域水文敏感区空间分布研究

以丹江口水库上游堵河流域为研究区,借助SAGA GIS和R平台,以ASTER GDEMV2为数据源,在获取流域土壤地形指数及其阈值设定的基础上,利用Python获取3种情景下(STI≥9、STI≥10和STI≥11)水文敏感区内不同土地利用类型及其面积和空间分布。结果表明:利用土壤地形指数识别,提供了更为详细表征的水文敏感区,可合理预测径流产生的空间分异性;3种情景下,林地均是水文敏感区内最主要的土地利用类型,约50%水体均位于水文敏感区;不同情景下,识别的水文敏感区内农业景观和开发景观应禁止开展高强度的土地开发,并优先布置植被缓冲带等保护措施以保护水质安全。     

Energy and water balance of two contrasting loblolly pine plantations on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina,USA

During 2005–2007, we used the eddy covariance and associated hydrometric methods to construct energy and water budgets along a chronosequence of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations that included a mid-rotation stand (LP) (i.e., 13–15 years old) and a recently established stand on a clearcut site (CC) (i.e., 4–6 years old) in Eastern North Carolina. Our central objective was to quantify the differences in both energy and water balances between the two contrasting stands and understand the underlining mechanisms of environmental controls. We found that the LP site received about 20% more net radiation (R_n) due to its lower averaged albedo (α) of 0.25, compared with that at the CC (α = 0.34). The mean monthly averaged Bowen ratios (β) at the LP site were 0.89 ± 0.7, significantly (p = 0.02) lower than at the CC site (1.45 ± 1.2). Higher net radiation resulted in a 28% higher (p = 0.02) latent heat flux (LE) for ecosystem evapotranspiration at the LP site, but there was no difference in sensible heat flux (H) between the two contrasting sites. The annual total evapotranspiration (ET) at the LP site and CC site was estimated as 1011–1226 and 755–855 mm year⁻¹, respectively. The differences in ET rates between the two contrasting sites occurred mostly during the non-growing seasons and/or dry periods, and they were small during peak growing seasons or wet periods. Higher net radiation and biomass in LP were believed to be responsible to the higher ET. The monthly ET/Grass Reference ET ratios differed significantly across site and season. The annual ET/P ratio for the LP and CC were estimated as 0.70–1.13 and 0.60–0.88, respectively, indicating higher runoff production from the CC site than the LP site. This study implied that reforestation practices reduced surface albedos and thus increased available energy, but they did not necessarily increase energy for warming the atmosphere in the coastal plain region where soil water was generally not limited. This study showed the highly variable response of energy and water balances to forest management due to climatic variability.     

The use of a geographic information system to analyze long-term landscape alteration by beaver

A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze how beaver (Castor canadensis) have altered the hydrology and vegetation of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota over a 46-year period. Maps of beaver ponds prepared from 1940, 1948, 1961, 1972, 1981, and 1986 aerial photographs were analyzed with a rasterbased based GIS to determine impoundment hydrology and vegetation distributions for each map date. Overlay and classification techniques were used to quantify hydrologic and vegetation changes between map dates. The GIS was superior to manual methods for some analyses (e.g., area measurement), and indispensible for others (e.g., transition analysis). Total area impounded increased from 1% to 13% of the landscape between 1940 and 1986, as the beaver population increased from near extirpation to a density of 1 colony/km². Most of the impoundment area increase occurred during the first two decades, when 77% of cumulative impoundment area was flooded. Once impounded ≥60% of the area maintained the same water depth or vegetation during any decade. GIS procedures were combined with field data to show that available nitrogen stocks nearly tripled between 1940 and 1986 as a result of beaver impoundment.     

Dependency of local mesotrophic fens on a regional groundwater flow system in a poldered river plain in the Netherlands

The effect of regional, subregional and local groundwater flow systems on mesotrophic fen ecosystems was studied in the polders of the Vecht River plain that borders the Pleistocene ice-pushed moraine of Het Gooi. Variation in the vegetation and in the habitat factors (groundwater and peat soil) of fens depends whether or not the fens are connected to the outflow of the regional groundwater system.Changes in the regional groundwater flow system, caused by changes in the water management of the polders, are probably responsible for the deterioration of mesotrophic fens. Drastic measures will have to be taken to restore the hydrology on a regional scale if the mesotrophic fens are to be saved from extinction.Hydrological research that integrates the results of regional and local studies is essential if the ecology of fen ecosystems is to be understood.