乱采滥挖野生药用植物对甘南草原生态环境的破坏

在实地考察和调查统计基础上,从甘南野生药用植物乱采滥挖时的表现,以及采挖野生药用植物造成草原植被破坏、水源涵养功能下降、药用植物资源可持续利用破坏和阻碍地方经济发展四方面,综合分析了乱采滥挖野生药用植物对甘南草原生态环境的破坏。提出运用经济和法律等手段,对甘南野生药用植物资源应进行适时、适地、留种和保护利用的原则,以遏制乱采滥挖现象,实现甘南草原野生药用植物资源的可持续利用。     

攀缘植物在城市园林绿化中的应用

攀缘植物在城市园林绿化中的应用具有悠久的历史,随着城市化进程的发展,其在城市园林绿化中的应用日益广泛。文章对攀缘植物的生态习性以及现代城市的不同垂直立面,对攀缘植物的配植进行系统的探讨。     

鸡粪改良对铜尾矿基质中无机氮组分及3种豆科植物生长发育的影响

基质改良和耐性物种选择是重金属矿业废弃地生态修复的关键。本文通过室内盆栽试验,以4kg尾矿为植物盆栽基质,分别加入腐熟鸡粪0、8、16、32g混匀,记作MA0（CK）、MA8、MA16、MA32处理方式,研究不同比例腐熟鸡粪改良对铜尾矿基质中无机氮组分及3种豆科植物决明（Cassia tora）、田菁（Sesbania cannabina）、菽麻（Crotalaria juncea）生长发育的影响。结果表明,添加鸡粪改良处理后,3种豆科植物生长的尾矿基质中均以硝态氮为有效氮的主要形态,总无机氮含量为17.96～44.82mg·kg-1。其中菽麻MA32处理组尾矿基质中铵态氮含量（5.31mg·kg-1）最高,菽麻MA16处理组尾矿基质中硝态氮含量（43.06mg·kg-1）和总无机氮含量（44.82mg·kg-1）最高。MA16处理时,田菁和菽麻叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b值均表现最大。3种豆科植物叶绿素a/b为0.92～1.08。在同一鸡粪比例处理中,菽麻叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a＋b值均显著高于决明和田菁（P〈0.05）。鸡粪改良铜尾矿基质能够促进3种豆科植物生长,植物株高、冠幅、根长均增加,并且随着生长期延长,增加明显。其中MA32处理菽麻70d株高（94.40cm）最大,阻止尾矿风蚀水蚀的效果最好。综合分析表明,MA16处理方式可作为鸡粪改良铜尾矿基质理想的比例模式,菽麻可作为铜尾矿生态修复优选植物种。     

延迟荧光光谱F730/F685与植物耐热性的关系

为研究延迟荧光光谱特性与植物耐热性的关系,该文以3种不同品种的植物为研究对象,分析了温度胁迫下样品延迟荧光发射光谱曲线的变化情况,研究了各样品延迟荧光光谱中685 nm附近峰值（标记为F685）与730 nm附近峰值（标记为F730）的光谱峰值比F730/F685的温度响应曲线,并与叶绿素荧光参数的温度变化趋势进行对照,探讨了温度拐点出现的原因及变化趋势。试验结果证实延迟荧光发射光谱F730/F685温度响应曲线的变化真实地反应了植物在高温胁迫下光系统的光合功能,有效地体现了样品间对高温逆境响应的差异,且温度响应曲线的拐点及其变化特性可能会是一种鉴定植物耐热性的有效指标。     

榆林市风沙区水土保持植物配置模式初探

榆林市风沙区是我国西北黄土高原地区水土流失最为严重的地区之一,合理配置水土保持植物措施,可有效降低风沙危害、减少入黄泥沙、改善生态环境。根据该区立地条件类型的划分,以小叶杨、沙柳、沙棘、柠条、爬地柏等乔灌木为主,提出4种水土保持植物配置模式:1)对于平缓沙丘及丘间低地,采用迎风坡前方下部种植灌木或每隔1个沙丘进行乔灌混交的种植模式;2)对盖沙土梁峁坡及沟坡,采用在沟坡配置灌木纯林,梁峁坡为乔灌混交的模式;3)沟谷地川滩地地势平坦,坡度较小,以农田防护林带建设为主;4)盐碱土河滩地主要选择耐盐渍的树种和草种,与河水主流方向成30°～45°交角栽植林带,采取行间混交或带状混交。这些水土保持植物配置模式可为同类地区的水土保持植被建设提供借鉴。     

Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.     

Tracking the structural and functional development of a perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium L.) infestation using a multi-year archive of webcam imagery and eddy covariance measurements

The continued spread of invasive weeds is threatening ecosystem health throughout North America. Understanding the relationships between invasive weeds’ key phenological phases and structural and/or functional canopy development is an essential step for making informed decisions regarding their management. We analyzed a three-year image archive obtained from an inexpensive webcam overlooking a perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium L.) infestation in California to explore the ability of red (R)-green (G)-blue (B) color space information to track the structural and functional development of the pepperweed. We characterized structural and functional canopy development through surface roughness length (z_0m; a proxy for canopy height and leaf area index) and canopy photosynthesis (F_A), respectively, both of which we derived from eddy covariance measurements. Here we demonstrate the use of cross-correlation functions to determine the temporal lags between chromatic coordinates and two color indices, all calculated from RGB brightness levels, with z_0m and F_A. We found that these color metrics fail to represent the structural and/or functional state of the canopy. In contrast, relative luminance (CIE Y) appears to be a better indicator for z_0m and especially for F_A. We calculated CIE Y from pepperweed RGB brightness levels in relation to hypothetical horizontal reference RGB brightness levels. We obtained the latter by applying the ratio between horizontally measured and hypothetical incoming solar radiation on a vertical surface to RGB brightness levels of a vertically oriented reference of invariant light-grey color. We conclude that webcam image archives may provide an inexpensive tool for making informed decisions regarding the timing but not for assessing the effectiveness of invasive plant control measures such as mowing.     

青岛盐碱地盲管排盐与绿化改造技术的研究

为适应经济社会的快速发展,青岛市加大了对沿海滩涂地的开发利用,对盐碱地绿化改造的技术措施的需求也愈来愈迫切。在对山东省、天津市等地盐碱地改造措施调研考察的基础上,结合青岛市滨海海涂地的实际情况设计出盲管排盐和隔盐层相结合加客土置换的土工改造措施,盲管与排水系统相接,达到排水排盐作用。在工程排盐的同时,应用不同的绿化改造技术,筛选耐盐碱植物树种,施用改良肥、苗木的栽植方式等,可有效地减少地面水分的蒸发,降低地下水位,并抑制盐碱的上移和积累,形成良好的生态循环。     

鲁西南木本植物物候期对气候变化的响应

利用1983-2009年鲁西南地区木本植物物候观测资料,采用统计分析方法研究鲁西南地区木本植物物候对气候变化的响应,探讨了木本植物物候与平均气温、日照时数及降水的相关性。结果表明:(1)近27a年平均气温逐渐升高,年降水量也有偏多趋势,年累计日照时数逐渐减少。(2)毛白杨、旱柳、榆树芽开放期随着时间的推移逐年提前;展叶期、开花期等春季物候期也相应提前;植物生长季长度逐年延长。(3)在各种气候因子相关分析中,气温对植物物候的影响最显著,日照时数次之,降水量最弱。植物的芽开放期、开花期、展叶期与1-4月平均气温呈显著负相关,随着气温的升高,日照时数增加,毛白杨春季物候期提前明显,旱柳、榆树物候期也有提前趋势;降水量对物候期影响最弱。     

植物吸收和转运铁的分子生理机制研究进展

铁是植物正常生命活动过程中的必需微量元素之一。由于土壤中铁的有效性很低,导致植物极易缺铁,不仅影响作物的产量和品质,而且影响人类微量元素健康,因此如何通过生物强化达到人类铁营养状况改善的目的是目前该研究领域关注的热点。本文就近5年来植物铁吸收、体内转运、子粒中积累等重要生物过程的分子生理机制的研究进展进行了详细阐述,其中对水稻兼备机理I和机理II铁吸收机制有了新的认识,而且发现YSL蛋白家族在植物铁吸收、转运和子粒积累过程中的重要性。同时,讨论了利用上述机制的研究结果通过基因工程和农学措施改善植物铁营养和提高作物子粒铁富集的技术途径。