流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应及其影响因素研究进展

侵蚀输沙空间变异及其尺度效应是流域水文过程研究的一个重要内容,对流域水土流失控制和水沙资源科学管理具有重要意义。通过对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究成果的系统回顾,从坡面到流域,阐述了降雨、土壤和植被等环境要素对侵蚀输沙尺度效应的影响,梳理了尺度效应产生机制方面的认知,总结了不同条件下坡面产流和侵蚀输沙尺度转换的代表性方法。在此基础上,对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究的发展趋势进行了讨论,未来应增加新技术和数据的应用,建立具有明确物理机制的侵蚀输沙空间尺度转换方法,同时,急需突破剧烈环境变化对空间尺度效应影响的研究。本文的梳理与总结可为流域侵蚀输沙过程的深入研究提供参考,为土壤侵蚀防治和河流水沙的综合管理提供一定的科学支持。     

祁连山南坡土壤侵蚀时空变化及迁移特征分析

土壤侵蚀是威胁人类生态环境及社会经济的重要因子。为实现土地资源更加有效的保护与治理,基于RUSLE模型和GIS/RS空间信息技术,分析和讨论了祁连山南坡2000—2019年土壤侵蚀时空变化及土壤侵蚀重心迁移特征。结果表明:祁连山南坡土壤侵蚀模数在空间变化上整体呈现出由西北向东南递减的趋势,土壤侵蚀模数平均值由2000年的1 966.63 t/(km²·a)增加至2005年的3 228.51 t/(km²·a),最后下降至2019年的2 299.06 t/(km²·a); 草地土壤侵蚀量最大,为2.65×10⁷～4.25×10⁷ t/a,虽侵蚀较为严重,但土壤侵蚀重心并未发生较大的迁移,五县中祁连县土壤侵蚀最为严重且重心迁移距离最大,侵蚀量为3.01×10⁷～4.83×10⁷ t/a,共迁移351.89 m,迁移速率为17.59 m/a,说明祁连县土壤侵蚀不稳定,土壤低级侵蚀更容易向高级侵蚀转化; 土地利用类型中冰川迁移最大为367.78 m,迁移速率为18.39 m/a。综合得出,对于土壤侵蚀较轻且重心迁移不大的区域可以采取定点治理,对于祁连县应长时间监测,全力推进祁连县水土保持综合治理工程,缓解水土流失; 相较于其他生态系统,对于草地与林地应加强治理。     

喀斯特高原山地土壤抗冲性与土壤物理性质的关系

为探究喀斯特高原山地不同土地利用类型土壤抗冲性及其与土壤物理性质的关系,以马尾松人工林地(PMP)、桂花人工林地(OFP)、天然乔灌混交林地(ASL)、天然草地(NGL)、撂荒地(AL)、农地(CL)为研究对象,采用原状土水槽冲刷试验法,根据研究区地形及气候特点,设置3个坡度(5°,15°,25°),3个冲刷流量(3.2,4.8,6.4 L/min),冲刷时间均为15 min,结合土壤物理性质(容重、孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、机械组成等),定量分析不同土地利用类型下土壤抗冲性及其与土壤物理性质的关系。结果表明:(1)在原状土冲刷试验过程中,各地类初始径流含沙量较高,但随着冲刷时间的延长,径流含沙量呈先降低后趋于稳定趋势,且随着坡度和冲刷流量的增大,径流含沙量趋于稳定的时间有所提前;(2)土壤抗冲系数随坡度和冲刷流量的增大而减小,且坡度对土壤抗冲性的影响比冲刷流量更明显。在同等条件下,各地类土壤抗冲系数依次为NGL＞PMP＞ASL＞AL＞OFP＞CL,土壤抗冲系数分别为13.44~87.84,[JP]8.14~93.15,2.93~45.36,1.21~10.01,1.25~5.48,0.17~1.27(L·min)/g;(3)土壤抗冲性与土壤容重、砂粒含量、水稳性团聚体含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与总孔隙度、黏粒含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),其关系均可用幂函数表示(R²＞0.78)。研究结果可为喀斯特区土壤侵蚀研究和水土保持防治提供科学依据。     

基于CSLE的湖北省土壤侵蚀时空变化特征

以湖北省为研究区,利用CSLE模型计算1990—2015年的土壤侵蚀模数,借助GIS空间分析方法揭示多时期土壤侵蚀的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）湖北省主要为微度侵蚀,其次为轻度侵蚀,中度侵蚀及以上等级侵蚀所占面积较小,轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀、强烈侵蚀、极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀面积25年间分别减少11 267.0,497.6,176.9,307.7,313.7 km²,减幅分别为27.39%,13.85%,11.79%,24.88%和56.04%。（2）总侵蚀面积先减再增后持续减少,其中极剧烈和剧烈侵蚀面积下降明显。侵蚀强度在不同时期的变化呈现空间异质性。1990—1995年、2000—2005年和2010—2015年土壤侵蚀以好转为主,土壤侵蚀强度降低区域1990—1995年集中在恩施、咸宁,1995—2000年集中在恩施、十堰,2000—2005年集中在神农架林区、宜昌市和秭归县周边,2005—2010年集中在黄冈和黄石市,2010—2015年集中在神农架林区和宜昌市;其中旱地与裸地好转情况最为明显。在1995—2000年和2005—2010年土壤侵蚀加剧,土壤侵蚀强度加剧区域1990—2000年集中在神农架局部地区,2000—2005年集中在十堰市,2005—2010年集中在竹溪县;2010—2015年集中在恩施市、宣恩县和鹤峰县,其中林地与旱地表现最为明显。土壤侵蚀主要变化区域表现在25年间,坡度<8°区域轻度以上等级侵蚀面积逐年增加,这与人类活动对地表负面扰动（生产建设项目、坡耕地农业生产、其他人类活动导致的土地利用类型转换）等主要集中在地形较为平缓的区域有很大关系。坡度在8°~35°区域轻度以上等级侵蚀面积明显减少,主要表现在退耕还林和水保工程治理的实施取得成效明显。     

降雨、积雪以及土地利用复合影响下的额尔齐斯河流域土壤侵蚀分析

在我国西北高寒山区,冰冻圈环境导致土壤侵蚀过程更为复杂。因此,以新疆阿尔泰山额尔齐斯河流域为例,构建模型模拟典型流域降雨、融雪和土地利用变化(LUCC)综合影响下的土壤侵蚀过程,并揭示复合因素影响下土壤侵蚀的放大作用。为此采用InVEST模型分别对2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年土壤侵蚀空间分布进行了详细模拟,并建立了3种情景用于复合影响的分析,分别为降雨和土地利用变化、降雨和融雪变化以及降雨、融雪和土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的复合影响。结果表明:(1)相较于2000年,2005—2015年3种情景土地利用分别发生1.67%,2.02%和4.19%的变化,使整个流域土壤侵蚀量比单一降雨侵蚀分别增加3.49%,3.02%和3.31%。(2)尽管2000—2015年降雪量仅占年降水量的30.49%,23.10%,38.46%和35.26%,但是融雪的出现致使流域土壤侵蚀量分别增加249.00%,88.00%,843.00%和566.00%,年平均侵蚀量增加了2 008.03万t,降雨和融雪情景下侵蚀量是单一降雨侵蚀量的4.2倍。(3)在融雪的背景下进一步考虑土地利用影响,2000—2015年土壤侵蚀量在此基础上又分别增加了2.99%,2.16%和3.50%。研究结果为寒区融雪影响土壤侵蚀提供了新的证据,为后续寒区水土保持提供了基础理论认知。     

含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀研究

为探究野外实际调查中常见的含结构体工程堆积体土壤侵蚀过程,设计含结构体工程堆积体和对照组2种试验材料（对照组为不含结构体工程堆积体,后文中对2种试验材料简称为结构体和堆积体）,通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了结构体和堆积体坡面径流侵蚀特征与雨强和场次的关系。结果表明：（1）初产历时随雨强和场次的增加而减小,结构体对初产历时有延缓作用,这与结构体的土壤特性和下垫面特征有关;（2）平均径流率和平均流速均随雨强和场次的增加而增大,堆积体平均流速和平均径流率分别是结构体的1.11~1.22,1.11~1.37倍,而结构体流速和径流率快速增加和趋于稳定的时间均较堆积体提前,且用时更短;（3）雨强对侵蚀速率、流速和径流率的贡献率较大,场次与侵蚀速率负相关,各条件下结构体的侵蚀速率均大于堆积体,且侵蚀速率和总侵蚀量分别是堆积体的1.03~2.15,1.36~2.63倍;（4）径流功率能够更好地描述结构体和堆积体侵蚀动力过程,结构体发生侵蚀的临界径流剪切力和径流功率均小于堆积体。     

植被斑块格局对砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的影响

选取水力侵蚀极其剧烈的砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于野外径流小区的连续监测试验,采用三维激光扫描、无人机航拍与方差均值比率法相结合,对比分析砒砂岩坡面3种典型自然植被格局(聚集分布、均匀分布、随机分布)下的产流产沙特征与坡面微地形的演变规律。结果表明:(1)均匀分布格局对减缓水力侵蚀条件下砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的效果最明显,与裸坡相比,减流率达到64%,减沙率达到72%,土壤流失量最少,为0.05 kg/m²。径流泥沙量之间存在多项式曲线关系,拟合函数为y=-0.0462X²+0.5355X-0.865,R²=0.736。(2)均匀分布格局的侵蚀区面积最小,为12.28 m²;沉积区面积最大,为3.44 m²,土壤侵蚀强度较其他坡面弱,以轻度侵蚀为主。(3)均匀分布格局的径流泥沙量与平均沉积深度之间的相关性较强,与径流量呈显著正相关(p＜0.05),相关系数为0.603;与泥沙量呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),相关系数为0.771。     

Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

Determination of rill erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes

The hydrological conditions near the soil surface influence the soil erosion process, as determined by the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The soil erodibility and critical shear stress of saturated purple soil slopes were computed and compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. The detachment capacities computed through the numerical method (NM), modified numerical method (MNM) and analytical method (AM), from rill erosion experiments on saturated purple soil slopes at different flow rates (2, 4, and 8 L min^?1) and slope gradients (5, 10, 15, and 20°), were used to comparatively compute the soil erodibility and critical shear stress. The computed soil erodibilities and critical shear stresses were also compared with those of unsaturated purple soil slopes. At the different slope gradients ranging from 5° to 20°, there were no significant differences in the soil erodibilities of the saturated purple soil and also in those of the unsaturated purple soil. The critical shear stresses slightly varied with the slope gradients. The saturated purple soil was relatively significantly more susceptible to erosion. The NM overestimated the soil erodibility of both saturated and unsaturated soils by 31% and underestimated the critical shear stress. The MNM yielded the same soil erodibility and critical shear stress values as the AM. The results of this study supply parameters for modeling rill erosion of saturated purple soil slope.     

Conservation management decreases surface runoff and soil erosion

Conservation management practices – including agroforestry, cover cropping, no-till, reduced tillage, and residue return – have been applied for decades to control surface runoff and soil erosion, yet results have not been integrated and evaluated across cropping systems. In this study we collected data comparing agricultural production with and without conservation management strategies. We used a bootstrap resampling analysis to explore interactions between practice type, soil texture, surface runoff, and soil erosion. We then used a correlation analysis to relate changes in surface runoff and soil erosion to 13 other soil health and agronomic indicators, including soil organic carbon, soil aggregation, infiltration, porosity, subsurface leaching, and cash crop yield. Across all conservation management practices, surface runoff and erosion had respective mean decreases of 67% and 80% compared with controls. Use of cover cropping provided the largest decreases in erosion and surface runoff, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining continuous vegetative cover on soils. Coarse- and medium-textured soils had greater decreases in both erosion and runoff than fine-textured soils. Changes in surface runoff and soil erosion under conservation management were highly correlated with soil organic carbon, aggregation, porosity, infiltration, leaching, and yield, showing that conservation practices help drive important interactions between these different facets of soil health. This study offers the first large-scale comparison of how different conservation agriculture practices reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, and at the same time provides new insight into how these interactions influence the improvement or loss of soil health.