不同滴灌带配置对春小麦产量的影响

【目的】研究不同滴灌带配置对新疆滴灌春小麦产量的影响。【方法】 在田间试验条件下,以春小麦品种新春44号为材料,设置3种滴灌带配置:1管1行(TR₄,对照)、1管6行(TR₆)和1管8行(TR₈),研究靠近滴灌带的第1(R₁)、第2(R₂)、第3(R₃)和第4行(R₄)行间植株产量的差异。【结果】 TR₆和TR₈植株叶面积比TR₄分别减少了5.80%和8.69%,其株高降低了1.03%和2.71%。各行小麦植株干物质积累量和产量均随着滴灌带间距的增长而下降,R₁和R₂行干物质积累和籽粒产量显著高于R₃和R₄行,其它各项指标也呈相近的趋势,R₃和R₄常处于水分亏缺状态。【结论】 水肥条件下滴灌春小麦穗粒数对产量的影响为直接效应,千粒重为间接效应。     

水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化及其与稻米品质关系的初步研究

 选用稻米蒸煮食味品质有显著差异的4个粳稻品种，通过盆栽试验对水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化及其与稻米蒸煮食味品质关系进行了初步研究。结果表明，水稻灌浆过程中籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性随灌浆进程逐渐增加，达到峰值后又逐渐下降，呈单峰曲线变化；抽穗15 d以前蛋白质含量高的品种谷氨酰胺合成酶活性大于蛋白质含量低的品种，而以后与之相反；灌浆前期，籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与味度值、最高黏度、崩解值间呈负相关，灌浆中、后期呈正相关，而与籽粒最终蛋白质含量和黏滞峰消减值在灌浆前期呈正相关，灌浆中、后期呈负相关，而且相关程度随灌浆时段而发生变化；抽穗后15~20 d是籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与味度值、RVA谱特性间的相关性质发生变化的转折时期。     

花后干旱胁迫对两种筋力型小麦品种旗叶光合特性的影响

在盆栽防雨条件下，分别以强筋小麦品种豫麦34和弱筋小麦品种豫麦50为材料，研究了花后不同阶段（整个灌浆期、花后0～10d、花后10～20d和花后20～30d）土壤干旱胁迫（土壤相对含水量为35％～40％）对植株旗叶光合特性的影响。结果表明，花后不同阶段土壤干旱胁迫均导致两品种旗叶净光合速率（Pn），PSⅡ活性（Fv/Fo）、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSd）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）显著下降，非光化学猝灭系数（qN）显著上升；以整个灌浆期干旱胁迫下旗叶光合参数下降幅度最大。不同阶段相比，以花后10～20d干旱胁迫下旗叶光合参数的降幅最大，处理间差异达到极显著水平，而花后0～10d和20～30d干旱胁迫对旗叶光合参数的影响相对较小。因此，保证花后10～20d的麦田水分供应对维持小麦较高的光合性能、促进籽粒灌浆具有重要作用。两品种相比，以强筋小麦品种豫麦34旗叶光合性能及产量受干旱胁迫的影响相对较大。     

山西省矿区土地复垦与生态重建现状及发展对策

山西煤炭开采在保障全国能源供应、促进山西经济社会发展的同时,也产生了大量的环境污染,生态破坏严重,但与这些破坏不相符的是全省的土地复垦率只有2%左右。因此,在山西转型跨越发展中,矿区土地复垦与生态重建已成为山西省农业生产、环境保护、生态建设以及区域社会经济可持续发展所面临的紧迫任务。通过对山西省矿区土地复垦与生态重建现状的分析,提出山西省土地复垦工作未来的发展对策。     

超级粳稻籽粒灌浆速率及品质的氮素调控研究

[目的]明确氮肥对超级粳稻籽粒灌浆速率和稻米品质的影响效应,为氮肥的合理施用及改善稻米品质提供理论依据。[方法]2012年,在新乡市农业科学院试验农场,以超级粳稻新稻18号为供试材料,于0、240.0、262.5、285.0、307.5和330.0 kg/hm2纯氮水平下,研究不同氮肥处理对水稻强、弱势籽粒灌浆速率和稻米品质的影响。[结果]灌浆中前期籽粒灌浆速率低氮肥处理较高氮肥处理高,灌浆高峰后则表现为高氮肥处理高于低氮肥处理;最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率强势粒高于弱势粒,平均比弱势粒高43.42%和30.61%。活跃灌浆期籽粒增重,强势粒明显高于弱势粒,不同处理间差异较小。糙米率、精米率和整精米率随氮肥施用量的增加处理间差异较小,但除个别处理差异达显著水平外均不显著,处理间变异系数分别为0.46%、1.13%和1.47%;垩白粒率在无氮肥和低氮肥处理下较高,在中肥和高肥处理下较低,处理间差异较大,其变异系数为45.04%;垩白度不同氮肥处理间变异系数为27.93%。[结论]氮肥对稻米加工品质影响较小,对外观品质影响较大,适当减少氮肥施用量,不仅可以提高灌浆中前期籽粒灌浆速率,同时有利于提高稻米品质,尤其是外观品质垩白粒率的改善。     

Contribution of Nitrogen Absorbed during Ripening Period to Grain Filling in a High-Yielding Rice Variety,Takanari

Absract

High-yielding rice varieties require a large accumulation of N in panicles. The objectives of this study were to clarify the change in N allocation during the ripening period (Exp. 1) and to quantify the contribution of N absorbed during the ripening period to panicle N at maturity (Exp. 2) in the high-yielding variety Takanari in comparison with that in Nipponbare as a control. In Exp. 1, ¹⁵N-labeled N (¹⁵N) was applied at heading to investigate the distribution of newly absorbed N as well as the allocation of plant N. In Exp. 2, split ¹⁵N application was performed during the filling period to estimate the above contribution. In Exp. 1, the allocation of plant N and absorbed ¹⁵N to the panicles was larger and that to the leaves was smaller in Takanari than in Nipponbare during the ripening period, although Takanari accumulated more N at maturity. The difference in N allocation suggested that the difference in N demand in panicles would be larger than that in N uptake. In Exp. 2, the varietal difference in the grain filling duration was observed: Nipponbare accumulated little N in the panicles after 28 d after heading (DAH), while Takanari accumulated about a quarter of its panicle N during that time. An estimate showed that in Takanari, 13.5% of the panicle N was derived from N absorbed after 28 DAH. These results suggest that the utilization of newly absorbed N until a later period after heading is important for the achievement of high yields.     

Response of Soybean Yield to Daytime Temperature Change during Seed Filling: A Long-Term Field Study in Northeast China

Abstract

Daytime temperature during seed filling is a crucial determinant of grain yield in pulse crops. Although there is much research about the effect of daytime temperature during seed filling on soybean yield in temperature-controlled chambers, the effect in the field has been little explored. Long-term manipulative field experiments are important tools to provide accurate information for revealing the impacts of climate change on crop yields. Using the field records of a long-term fertilization experiment conducted in Northeast China, we analyzed the response of soybean yields to mean daily maximum temperature during seed filling over the period 1987?2007. The results showed that there was a clear positive response of soybean yields to increased mean daily maximum temperature during seed filling ranged from 20 to 24ºC. When compared with the average soybean yields over the last two decades, grain yields increased by 6?10% for each 1ºC increase in mean daily maximum temperature during seed filling and more than 22% of yield trends can be explained. These findings provide a direct evidence for the response of soybean yield to climate change in the field study.     

Comprehensive Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils in China's Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

SUMMARY

Soil salinization and the related groundwater mineralization, drought, and waterlogging are the main factors that restrict the agricultural production in China's Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. This article discusses the principles and techniques adopted, the experiences and achievements of the Chinese agricultural scientists and technicians during the past two decades in the comprehensive reclamation of salt-affected soils and the development of agriculture in this Plain.     

Changes in Enzyme Activities Involved in Starch Synthesis and Hormone Concentrations in Superior and Inferior Spikelets and Their Association with Grain Filling of Super Rice

The changes in activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion and concentrations of hormones in superior and inferior spikelets of super rice were investigated and their association with grain filling was analyzed.Four super rice cultivars,Liangyoupeijiu,IIyou 084,Huaidao 9 and Wujing 15,and two high-yielding and elite check cultivars,Shanyou 63 and Yangfujing 8,were used.The activities of sucrose synthase (SuSase),adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase),starch synthase (StSase) and starch branching enzyme (SBE),and the concentrations of zeatin + zeatin riboside (Z + ZR),indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in superior and inferior spikelets were determined during the grain filling period and their relationships with grain filling rate were analyzed.Maximum grain filling rate,the time reaching the maximum grain-filling rate,mean grain filling rate and brown rice weight for superior spikelets showed a slight difference between the super and check rice cultivars,but were significantly lower in the super rice than in the check rice for inferior spikelets.Changes of enzyme activities and hormone concentrations in grains exhibited single peak curves during the grain filling period.The peak values and the mean activities of SuSase,AGPase,StSase and SBE were lower in inferior spikelets than in superior ones,as well as the peak values and the mean concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA.However,the peak value and the mean concentration of ABA were significantly higher in inferior spikelets than in superior ones and greater in the super rice than in the check rice.The grain filling rate was positively and significantly correlated with the activities of SuSase,AGPase and StSase and the concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA.The results suggested that the low activities of SuSase,AGPase and StSase and the low concentrations of Z + ZR and IAA might be important physiological reasons for the slow grain filling rate and light grain weight of inferior spikelets in super rice.     

花后干湿交替灌溉对水稻强、弱势粒蛋白质表达的影响

【目的】进一步揭示干湿交替灌溉对水稻籽粒灌浆影响的机制。【方法】两优培九（两系杂交籼稻）和扬粳4038（粳稻）种植于土培池,自抽穗至成熟设置常规灌溉（conventional irrigation,CI）、轻干-湿交替灌溉（alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation,WMD）和重干-湿交替灌溉（alternate wetting and severe drying irrigation,WSD）3种土壤水分处理,运用双向电泳技术测定水稻强、弱势粒蛋白质表达量。【结果】与CI相比,WMD和WSD对强势粒的灌浆速率和粒重无显著影响;WMD显著增加了弱势粒的灌浆速率和粒重,WSD则显著降低了弱势粒的灌浆速率和粒重。WMD和WSD对强势粒蛋白质表达无显著影响,但WMD上调了弱势粒中丙酮酸磷酸双激酶、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶、5-甲基四氢叶酸-同型高半胱氨酸甲基转移酶、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合酶、乙二醛酶I和锰超氧化物歧化酶等蛋白质的表达,WSD则下调了弱势粒中上述蛋白质的表达。WSD还上调了抑制信号传导和能量代谢等有关蛋白的表达。两品种结果趋势一致。【结论】说明在WMD或WSD条件下,弱势粒中多种与灌浆相关蛋白质表达的差异是其灌浆速率和粒重增加或降低的重要原因。