早晚季不同水稻籽粒灌浆表现及其与耐光氧化特性的关系研究

试验研究早晚季不同水稻材料籽粒灌浆特性与耐光氧化反应特性的关系结果表明,耐光氧化反应特性强的适强光生态型水稻品种其达最大灌浆速率的时间较迟,且灌浆生长盛期终止亦迟,各参数在早晚季灌浆结实期保持相对稳定;而不耐光氧化的适弱光生态型品种则反之,其达最大灌浆速率的时间早,且生长盛期结束亦早,各参数在早晚季灌浆结实期稳定性相对较差。     

Soil respiration on reclaimed coal-mine spoil

Summary Measurements of soil respiration were made at a number of soil-covered reclaimed coal-mine spoil sites. Many chemical and physical soil factors likely to affect the respiration were also measured. A combination of principal component, cluster, and multiple regression analyses was used to indicate the important factors. These were found to be water-holding capacity and organic matter content. In some cases soil pH was also a controlling factor.     

基于黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地覆土材料的优选

黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地需要覆盖足够厚度的土壤以保证农作物生长,针对济宁市部分采煤沉陷地可取土量不足问题,该文提出利用当地表土、心土和黄河泥沙组配作为覆土材料研究,以达到增加覆盖土壤厚度和改良当地土壤质地的目的。研究表明,覆土材料有利于玉米生长发育,表土、心土和黄河泥沙组配(质量比)为1:1:1.33~1:1:2的覆土材料玉米苗期生物量显著高于对照土壤;组配为1:1:0.86~1:1:2的覆土材料质地为壤土,是较为理想的土壤类型;组配为1:1:0.86~1:1:2的覆土材料容重为1.38~1.41g/cm3,密度为2.64~2.68g/cm3,较为适宜农作物生长。覆土材料可以显著降低当地土壤p H值和电导率,对农作物不产生盐害作用;其入渗性能提升,增加了土壤储水能力,组配为1:1:0.86~1:1:2的覆土材料入渗能力接近多年耕种农田;其水分特征曲线左移,毛管孔隙度、有效水孔隙度和水分常数基本呈现下降趋势,持水和供水能力下降。根据尽量增加黄河泥沙充填层上覆土材料厚度原则,优选出表土、心土和黄河泥沙组配为1:1:2的覆土材料作为黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地的覆土材料,可在大田试验中进行进一步的验证。     

沼泽湿地开垦对土壤水热条件和性质的影响

湿地具有重要的生态和环境功能.三江平原沼泽湿地的大面积垦殖,已对区域生态平衡及气候环境产生了一定的影响.湿地开垦后,土壤水、热条件发生较大变化,土壤温度的增高及氧化-还原条件的改变,促进了土壤有机质的分解和土壤呼吸通量的增大.土壤有机碳、氮素含量随湿地开垦及开垦年限的增加而不断降低.沼泽湿地开垦初期5～7年,土壤有机碳及其它营养元素的含量变化幅度较大,持续耕作15～20年后,土壤有机碳损失曲线趋于平缓.湿地开垦后,土壤有机质输入量的减少及分解作用加强导致土壤容重和比重的增大,其变化趋势与土壤有机碳损失趋势相一致.     

Interactions between earthworms, trees, soil nutrition and metal mobility in amended Pb/Zn mine tailings from Guangdong, China

This paper reports research that attempts to rehabilitate toxic Pb/Zn mine tailings, in Guangdong, China, to achieve a healthy functional soil that supports sustainable vegetation. We studied the effects of the earthworm Pheretima guillelmi on the growth of a woody legume Leucaena leucocephala on Pb/Zn mine tailings diluted with varying amounts of mineral soil in pot experiments. L. leucocephala grew successfully on tailings with a 25% (w/w) soil amendment, but P. guillelmi only survived and actively burrowed with a 50% soil amendment. The presence of earthworms improved the yield of plants by 10-30%. Whilst earthworms marginally increased available N and P in soil, they increased uptake of phosphorus (by about 10%) to above-ground plant tissues. Six-month-old plants were more sensitive than 10-month plants to metal stress. P. guillelmi increased bioavailable metal concentrations in the amended spoils, accompanied by a direct increase of metal uptake by the plants. Increased metal uptake by plants was largely due to the higher dry matter production stimulated by earthworm activity, but this increased the rate of metal uptake into plants from spoil by at least 16% and as much as 53%. These results demonstrate that we should broaden the ecological context of phytoremediation by considering the plant-soil-animal interactions that influence metal mobility.     

基于耕作半径的采矿复垦区农村居民点安置规模预测

耕作半径对农村居民点的规模具有重要影响,而地形则是耕作半径的决定因素之一。该文采用耕聚比和缓冲区分析的方法,对比采矿前后农村居民点的耕作半径变化。考虑研究区地形起伏的影响,计算耕作半径地形修正系数,确定最优耕作半径。在此基础上预测矿区复垦后可安置农村居民点的面积、数量及人口。研究结果表明:平朔复垦区农村居民点耕作半径地形修正系数为1.6836,复垦区规划农村居民点最优耕作半径为1 500 m;复垦区预测回迁安置农村居民点总规模约651.24 hm2,共67个农村居民点;预测单个农村居民点面积9.72 hm2,控制耕地面积约109.68 hm2;预测回迁安置总人口约29 521人,共7 380户,该研究结果可为露天采矿复垦区农村居民点回迁安置规模与布局提供决策支持。     

Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils

Annual (Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and perennial (Trifolium repens L. and Lotus corniculatus L.) leguminous species were grown in pots containing samples from the ash layers of two Cambisols under Pinus sylvestris L., which has been affected by high-intensity wildfires 3 and 15 days before the sampling. The gramineous Lolium perenne L. was cultivated as a second plant after Trifolium and Lotus harvesting. Three treatments were compared: soils without fertilization and soils fertilized with two doses of poultry manure (1 and 2 g total N kg^-1 dry soil). The aim of the work was to study the capacity of the ash layer to sustain vegetation and the influence of plants and organic manure on the recovery of vegetation cover, ash layer fixation and soil structure formation to avoid erosion. The ash samples were able to sustain vegetation without fertilization. The organic manure increased the yields of all the plants tested, the lower dose being the optimal for the first crop whereas the higher dose was beneficial for the second crop. The annual legumes grew very quickly. The mixture of Trifolium and Lotus seemed very suitable for reclamation of soil degraded by wildfires because Trifolium produced more phytomass than Lotus in the first growing stages whereas the development of Lotus was higher in the later growing stages. Ash layer conditions did not inhibit nodulation, which was, however, stimulated by the organic manure, particularly in the case of Lotus. Lolium after perennial legumes was the best plant combination because it produced the highest phytomass, particularly root phytomass, and thus improved vegetation cover and ash layer fixation. All the plants tested improved the formation of soil aggregates, particularly the combination of perennial legumes and Lolium. However, wet aggregate stability was higher when plants were grown on soils fertilized with poultry manure than when plants were cropped on unmanured soils, which points to the favourable influence of the organic manure on soil aggregation.     

开垦草地对土壤有机碳库构成与来源的效应

以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。     

水稻不同粒位籽粒米质对花后不同时段温度胁迫的响应

为探讨花后高温胁迫对水稻籽粒米质的影响,以中熟籼稻扬稻6号和中熟粳稻扬粳9538为材料,研究了灌浆前期(花后0~10 d)和灌浆中期(花后10~20 d)的高温(35℃)对米质的影响,并进一步探讨了不同粒位间的差异。结果表明,与常温CK (25~27℃)相比,灌浆结实期高温处理对稻米品质影响较大,总体上前期(0~10 d)大于中期(10~20 d),且因供试品种和粒间位置而异。灌浆前、中期高温处理,降低了精米率、整精米率、直链淀粉含量,增加了垩白粒率、垩白度和粗蛋白含量;其中,温度对二次枝梗与同枝梗上较迟开花籽粒的碾米品质的影响大于一次枝梗与较早开花的籽粒;前期高温显著增加了一次枝梗和各枝梗上开花较早籽粒的垩白粒率和垩白度;前期高温显著降低了直链淀粉含量,对一次枝梗籽粒的影响大于二次枝梗。不同供试品种对花后不同温度处理的敏感性不同,影响程度亦受花后温度胁迫时段的不同而异。生产上通过合理安排播期、平衡施肥和合理灌溉可以减轻结实期高温胁迫对籽粒品质的影响。     

杂交水稻产量与品质形成的发育生理与遗传生态学研究

总结了福建农林大学农业生态研究所十多年来有关杂交水稻籽粒灌浆过程所涉及到的干物质积累与分配、强弱势粒发育进程的颖果形态解剖结构及其相关酶活性、激素含量的变化和强弱势淀粉积累动态等发育生理, 以及在不同生态条件下,籽粒发育的动态遗传特性和胞质负效应对杂交水稻籽粒灌浆相关过程的影响等遗传生态学的研究成果,并就目前杂交水稻产量与品质形成研究中存在的问题做一阐述,在此基础上提出了今后作物栽培学研究的新方法与新思路。