山羊高床舍饲配套饲养技术探讨

山羊高床舍饲技术通过修建标准化山羊圈舍，实现山羊饲养过程中对山羊个体的有效控制和辅助，降低饲养劳动量和劳动强度；通过带动种草养羊、养羊与沼气结合，在实现山羊饲养的同时，促进了退耕还草、封山育林等生态建设项目的实施。     

天水小陇山锐齿栎群落土壤全N分布特征及与生物多样性关系研究

对天水小陇山锐齿栎群落不同演替阶段土壤全N含量进行了分析 ,探讨了土壤全N与群落生物多样性之间的关系 ,结果表明 :随发育阶段土壤全N含量呈稳定的变化趋势。发育中期 ,随多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数的增加 ,全N含量呈“V”型变化趋势 ,随丰富度指数增加 ,全N含量呈逐渐减小趋势 ;发育后期 ,随着多样性指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数的增加 ,全N呈逐渐增加趋势 ,随着均匀度的增加 ,全N变化不明显 ;发育末期 ,多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数趋于稳定 ,土壤全N含量不稳定 ,随丰富度指数的升高 ,全N有先升高后降低的趋势。     

金龟子绿僵菌固态培养生物变量优化研究

金龟子绿僵菌属于真菌类生物杀虫剂,本文研究了接种量、种龄、菌种代数等生物因素对金龟子绿缰菌生长及产孢量的影响,并对液—固两步发酵工艺进行了研究。经过优化,得到金龟子绿僵菌产孢的最佳生物参数是:接种量为2.5g/100g、种龄为5-6天;采用固体二代种,培养6天,孢子产量可达1.531×10~(10)孢子/g干培养基。     

浅论优质牧草在肉牛饲养中的利用

针对我国肉牛饲养在饲料利用中的误区,结合肉牛的消化及代谢特点,分析了牧草的鲜喂、青贮、干草饲喂以及综合利用4种不同的利用方式及其营养特点,指出优质牧草用于肉牛饲养能充分发挥牧草的优良特性,而且符合我国畜牧业发展要求,值得广泛推广.     

贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度草地土壤氮特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段(西坡)及山前地带不同海拔下的草地为研究对象,分析不同海拔梯度下草地土壤全氮的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系.结果表明,土壤全氮含量随海拔的降低而逐渐降低,在典型草原中沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,在高寒草甸、荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠0～20与20～40 cm土层中差异不显著,但高于40～60 cm土层.在海拔1 360～1 380 m草原化荒漠的5个样地上,由于放牧利用程度和植被类型的不同,0～20 cm土层土壤氮的含量变幅在0.022 8%～0.034 7%.0～20,20～40和40～60 cm土层土壤全氮含量与年降水量、植被盖度、草地生产力、土壤含水量、有机碳含量和<0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关,与年均温、土壤pH值呈极显著负相关(P<0.001).偏相关分析显示,影响0～20 cm土层全氮(TN)含量最主要的因素是植被盖度(C)和年降水量(AP),相关方程是TN%=0.002 040 C 0.000 585 AP-0.076 800;而影响20～40 cm土层全氮含量的最主要因素是草地生产力(B),与土壤全氮回归方程为TN%=0.001 6 B 0.024 7.而各环境因素中影响土壤全氮含量最主要的因素,0～20 cm土层为土壤有机碳和年降水量,20～40 cm土层主要受土壤有机碳的影响.     

冷季放牧补饲对甘肃高山细毛后备母羊瘤胃代谢参数及瘤胃微生物数量的影响

旨在筛选出甘肃高山细毛羊后备母羊科学合理的补饲料,改变牧区由于营养供给不足导致甘肃高山细毛羊2.5岁才能配种的饲养方式。试验选择甘肃高山细毛羊(12月龄)48只,随机分为试验a(1号料)、b(2号料)、c(3号料)组和对照组(不补饲),进行90 d放牧补饲试验。结果表明,1)瘤胃pH试验a组和b组差异极显著(P<0.01)、c组显著(P<0.05)低于对照组,瘤胃氨态氮、蛋白氮、总氮浓度试验组均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)试验a组和b组均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),b组显著高于c组(P<0.05);乙酸和丙酸摩尔比a组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),b和c组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);丁酸摩尔比a组极显著高于c组(P<0.01);乙/丙b组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)瘤胃纤维降解菌和原虫数目试验组均极显著(P<0.01)或显著(P<0.05)高于对照组。综上所述,补饲均能正向影响甘肃高山细毛羊后备母羊瘤胃代谢参数及瘤胃微生物数量,以1号料补饲效果最优,2号料也能起到理想效果。     

Inclusion levels and modes of whole grain incorporation into wheat-based rations differentially influence the performance of broiler chickens

1. The objective was to compare three whole grain (WG) inclusion levels (7.5, 15 and 30%) offered to broiler chickens by three modes of WG incorporation: (i) pre-pellet WG inclusion, (ii) post-pellet WG inclusion as a blend of WG and pelleted concentrate and (iii) post-pellet WG inclusion where WG and pelleted concentrate were provided in separate feed trays against a ground-grain, wheat-based control diet.

2. Ten dietary treatments were offered to 6 replicate cages (6 birds per cage) of male Ross 308 chickens from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. The effects of treatment on relative gizzard weights, gizzard contents, pancreatic weights and pH of gizzard digesta were monitored. Parameters of growth performance, nutrient utilisation (apparent metabolisable energy [AME], metabolisable to gross energy [ME:GE] ratios, nitrogen [N] retention and N-corrected AME [AMEn]), apparent starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in for small intestinal segments and concentrations of free amino acids in plasma taken from the anterior mesenteric vein were determined.

3. Whole grain feeding (WGF) did not influence weight gain, but 30% post-pellet blended and 15 and 30% post-pellet separated treatments significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes while the 30% post-pellet separated treatment improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratios (FCR). WGF regimes significantly increased relative gizzard weights.

4. Overall, WGF generated profound responses in AME, ME:GE ratios, N retention and AMEn that were highly correlated with relative gizzard weights. In general, WGF improved starch and protein (N) digestibilities and again there were some correlations with these outcomes and relative gizzard weights.

5. Post-pellet WG inclusions where WG and pelleted concentrate were offered separately provided chickens with the opportunity to choice feed. Birds showed a preference for the relatively high-protein pelleted concentrate and at 30% WG, this resulted in an improvement in FCR of 7.69% (1.260 versus 1.365; P < 0.001) relative to the ground-grain control diet.     

Evaluation of three popular diets fed to pet sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps): Intake,digestion and nutrient balance

Three diets fed to 12 pair‐housed sugar gliders, Petaurus breviceps, were evaluated through 5‐day intake and digestion trials following 10‐day transitions. Diets 1 and 2 comprised liquid formula mixes with added vegetables and fruit, and Diet 3 comprised extruded pellets and a liquid formula. Diets eaten contained 16 —19% crude protein, 3%–15% crude fat, 10%–11% neutral detergent fibre, 4%–20% starch and 8%–49% sugar (dry basis). Calculated individual dry matter intakes (DMI) ranged from 3.9 to 5.1 g/day, representing 58.2–78.4 kJ/day. DMI was greater for Diet 2 (7.2% BW) vs. Diet 1 (5.6; p = .006) and Diet 3 (4.2% BW; p = .003). Although these differences were no longer detectable on a MBW basis, animals were shown to have gained BW (+14.2 g; p = .03) on Diet 2. In addition to nutrient composition differing widely among diets, DM digestibility (DMD) was higher in Diet 1 (91.2%) compared to Diet 2 (87.3%; p = .03), but DMD for Diet 3 (88.9%) did not differ from other diets. Gliders demonstrated ability to digest a variety of energy substrates, including simple sugars (96%–99%), fats (81%–96%) and starches (79%–98%), as well as substantial insoluble dietary fibre (58%–75%), with significant difference among diets demonstrated for some nutrients. Animals displayed selective feeding behaviours, rejecting insoluble fibre in produce and preferring the lipid‐coated exterior of pellets. The diets used appeared to be balanced with respect to energy, protein and macromineral content, but may predispose to iron excess, other mineral imbalances (especially Ca deficiency) and obesity—clinical health issues described for pet gliders. Future focus on concentrations, types and utilization of dietary fibre in natural and captive diets, vitamin D metabolism and trace mineral interactions in sugar gliders would assist diet optimization for this highly gummivorous species.     

Effects of in ovo feeding of L‐arginine on the development of digestive organs,intestinal function and post‐hatch performance of broiler embryos and hatchlings

This study was to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) L‐arginine (Arg) solution on the development of digestive organs, the duodenal mucosa of broiler embryos and hatchlings, and the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. A total of 720 fertilized eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to three groups, consisting of eight replicates of 30 eggs each. Three treatments were arranged as non‐injected control, diluent‐injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group and Arg solution‐injected group containing 1% Arg, dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 days of incubation, 0.6 ml of IOF solution was injected into amniotic fluid of each egg of injected groups. Results showed IOF of Arg solution increased (p < .05) the chick embryo weight at 19 days of incubation; the body weight gain of post‐hatch broilers during 1–7 days; the weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard; the concentrations of duodenal ghrelin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glucagon‐like peptide 2; and the duodenum mucosal enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, maltase, sucrase and inducible nitric oxide synthase of 7‐day‐old post‐hatch broilers compared with other groups. The IOF of Arg solution also increased (p < .05) the villus height (VH) and the ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and decreased (p < .05) the CD in duodenum of broiler embryos and post‐hatch hatchlings, except for the CD at 19 days of incubation. In conclusion, IOF of 1% Arg solution into the amnion at 17.5 days of incubation could improve the development of digestive organs, the duodenal morphology, the releasing of gastrointestinal hormones and mucosal enzyme activities of broiler embryos and hatchlings and finally the growth performance of chicks during the first week post‐hatch. Therefore, IOF of appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in poultry industry.     

UV‐light and dietary vitamin D and their effects on ionized calcium and 25‐OH‐D plasma concentrations in captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua)

In this study, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light and dietary vitamin D on calcium metabolism in permanently indoor‐housed gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua ) was investigated. The study consisted of three periods, each completed with blood samples to analyse plasma concentrations of 25‐OH‐D, 1,25‐(OH)₂‐D, ionized (iCa) and total calcium (tCa). During the first study period (D), animals were housed under routine conditions without UV‐light and fed a diet of different fish species, supplemented with 1,000 IU vitamin D per animal and day. The following study period (Baseline) of 28‐day duration consisted of the same diet without any vitamin D supplementation and without UV‐light. During the study period (UVB) artificial UV‐light was added for 3 weeks. The vitamin D content of fish was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. It varied between fish species and between facilities, ranging from no measurable content in capelin (Mallotus villosus ) to 7,340 IU vitamin D/kg original matter (OM) in herring (Clupea spp). The average dietary vitamin D content was 311 IU/kg OM at facility 1 and 6,325 IU/kg OM at facility 2, resulting in a vitamin D intake per animal and day without supplementation of 130 IU (25.5 IU/kg body weight BW) and 2,454 IU (438.2 IU/kg BW) respectively. The supplementation of vitamin D elevated significantly the plasma concentrations of 25‐OH‐D by an intraindividual difference of 15 (range ?2 to 59) nmol/L and tCa by 0.1 (0.0–0.3) mmol/L only at facility 2. The exposure to UV‐light raised the blood concentrations of tCa at facility 2 by 0.15 (0.1–0.2) mmol/L, and of iCa and tCa for females at facility 1 by 0.23 (0.13–0.41) mmol/L and 1.8 (1.1–2.5) mmol/L respectively. No significant influence of the study periods (D) and (UVB) was found for the concentrations of 1,25‐(OH)₂‐D at both facilities.