Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

饥饿情况下蠋蝽种内互残行为发生时期及影响

为明确饥饿情况下蠋蝽种内残杀行为的发生时期和影响因素，指导蠋蝽规模化繁育和释放，本文研究了不同发育时期和密度下的蠋蝽种内残杀行为。研究发现：蠋蝽对卵粒的种内互残行为主要发生在饥饿24 h以内，雌性蠋蝽对卵粒的取食行为显著强于雄性蠋蝽，取食比例是雄性的2.80～3.25倍、取食量是雄性的18.75～21.20倍，雌性取食下的卵粒羽化率为70.66%，显著低于雄性和对照的86.59%和87.88%。发育时期和饲养密度均显著影响蠋蝽的种内残杀行为，主要发生在饥饿后的19.63～36.00 h，并且1、2、3龄若虫没有表现出种内残杀行为，4龄以后种内残杀行为显著；低密度下蠋蝽种内互残行为不显著，但高密度会增强种内互残行为，且随密度的增加，种内互残行为显著增强。     

异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制初步研究

对异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制进行了初步研究。测定了其对线虫虫体形态、运动行为、体内总糖和蛋白质含量的影响,以及处理前后线虫体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性变化。结果表明:经异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理后的松材线虫虫体形态严重扭曲,运动形态出现由正常的S形变化为多节弯曲和螺旋状卷曲等异常状况,线虫行动随时间的推移变得迟缓,最终呈C形、新月形或直接死亡。随着异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理质量浓度的增大,线虫体内总糖和蛋白质含量显著上升,糖和蛋白质的代谢发生紊乱;线虫体内CAT、AChE和GST活性显著降低,且均低于对照组,表明线虫体内氧化和抗氧化作用失衡;细胞受到极大的影响,神经系统遭到破坏,解毒能力明显降低。研究结果可为研究利用异硫氰酸丙烯酯作为植物源杀线虫剂提供依据。     

高蛋白料精等量替代鱼粉饲喂肥育猪对比试验

应用高蛋白料精等量替代鱼粉饲喂肥育猪 ,其结果在 42d试验期内高蛋白料精组头均增重 19.0 6kg ,比鱼粉组多增重 2 .12kg ,增重率提高 12 .5 2 %,头均多增收益 2 1.2 1元 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

齐卡商品肉兔在不同饲养条件下的育肥效果

作者在不同条件下，采用全窝育肥法，重复两年、两个季节测定了齐卡商品肉兔的育肥效果；探讨了温度、季节、营养水平、育肥始重对育肥效果的影响。结果表明：在试验场育肥２５０只齐卡商品兔，９０日龄育肥重２．３３～２．５３公斤，日均增重３１克以上，耗料指数３．３１：１，育肥成活率９５％以上，屠宰率５２％，净肉率８０％，肉骨比５．３５：１，兔肉品质正常。在农村条件下育肥１８０只，９０～１００日龄育肥重２．２～２．４公斤，耗精料指数２．５５：１，育肥成活率８８％～９３％。饲养齐卡商品兔与饲养二元杂交兔相比，每只可增加经济收入２０％以上。育肥季节和始重明显影响育肥未重（Ｐ＜０．０５）。依据本试验，作者建议齐卡商品兔适宜３５日龄断奶，育肥始重应不低于６００克；寒冷季节育肥，育肥第一月的室温应不低于１０℃。育肥适宜营养水平建议消化能（ＤＥ）２６００～２７００大卡／公斤，粗蛋白（ＣＰ）１８％，粗纤维（ＣＦ）１２％以上。     

用紫外分光法测定鱼藤中异黄酮类的总含量

根据鱼藤中异黄酮类化合物在紫外光２１０～２４５ｎｍ及２９０～３０５ｎｍ处具有吸收峰这一特性，提出了用紫外分光法测定鱼藤中异黄酮类总含量的方法．在３００ｎｍ波长处，浓度低于６×２．６１８×１０－３／ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时，测定了标准系列的吸光值，结果表明吸光值与浓度近乎直线相关，相关系数为０．９９７７；标准系列吸光值准确性高；加样回收率达９９％以上；测定样品时，重现性好．     

笼养鸡舍鸡粪固态处理系统的研究

上海出现多种笼养鸡舍液态鸡粪的处理方法，似均存在投资大、运行费用高、操作管理复杂、技术不过关或不配套等缺点。作者设计了“鸡粪固态处理系统”，其思路是在笼养鸡舍内就使粪与饮水严格分流。本文介绍了该系统的工艺流程、设施改造。日常管理等。实践证明该系统具有投资很少、运行费用甚低。操作管理十分简单、不占用土地和效益相当突出的优点，确是一项简易的实用技术。     

张家川县放牧补饲条件下的肉牛增重试验

经对12—18月龄西杂一代阉牛10头,采取以放牧为主、夜间补饲,育肥90d,试验表明试验组平均总增重86.4±44.4kg,平均日增重0.96±0.69kg,12月龄的6头日增重1kg,育肥效果显著。