The effect of lead poisoning on hematologic and biochemical values in trumpeter swans and Canada geese

BACKGROUND: Lead is a persistent contaminant in the environment, and waterfowl are susceptible to lead toxicity from ingestion of lead pellets and fishing weights. Lead affects numerous physiologic processes through inhibition of enzyme activity and protein function, but its effects on commonly assessed avian blood values are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate hematologic and biochemical changes associated with blood lead concentrations in trumpeter swans and Canada geese. METHODS: Data for CBCs, plasma biochemical profiles (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, amylase, and lipase), and whole blood lead concentrations were retrospectively analyzed for 69 trumpeter swans and 52 Canada geese. Laboratory data obtained prospectively from an additional 20 trumpeter swans also were included. RBC morphology was semiquantitated in blood smears from 70 of the birds. Data were analyzed initially by ANOVA and covariance. A statistical model then was constructed to determine the relationship between each parameter and lead concentration. RESULTS: In both avian species, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, and MCHC decreased significantly (P < .05) with increasing blood lead concentration. Uric acid concentration and GGT activity were increased in trumpeter swans and phosphorus concentration was decreased in Canada geese in association with high blood lead concentration (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Lead toxicosis induced significant changes in the values of commonly measured hematologic parameters in waterfowl. These changes may be useful indicators of severe lead intoxication during routine laboratory assessment. Changes in clinical chemistry values, although statistically significant, were too inconsistent to serve as indicators of lead toxicosis.     

四种草本植物对铅锌尾矿土壤重金属的抗性与吸收特性研究

盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊茅、早熟禾、黑麦草和紫花苜蓿在铅锌尾矿土壤或处理的尾矿土壤上都能生长,但在处理土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草本植物更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物.单位面积上4种植物体内重金属含量均为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd,但每种植物对Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu的吸收浓度和分布均不相同,一般为根系浓度大于茎叶.加入改良剂和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的4种草本植物生物量显著增加,植物体中的Cd、Pb和Zn元素浓度下降,但Cu元素浓度反而上升,结果单位面积上4种草本植物吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草本植物相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性.     

Two techniques for supplementing interlocking nail repair of fractures of the humerus, femur, and tibia: results in 12 dogs and cats

OBJECTIVE: To describe 2 devices for improving stabilization of inadequately stabilized interlocking nail (ILN) repairs of the humerus, tibia, and femur in dogs and cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: Twelve client-owned dogs and cats. METHODS: Two devices to further stabilize ILN repair of inadequately stabilized diaphyseal fractures were developed. Device 1 was an axial extension for the ILN that was connected to a conventional type I external skeletal fixator (ESF) with a short connecting bar. Device 2 had hybrid ILN bolt/ESF pins that were used to lock the ILN and serve as the pins for a type I ESF. Devices were used at the initial surgery when the stability of ILN repair was considered inadequate based on palpable fracture segment movement, insufficient medullary canal filling of the ILN at the fracture site, or when the ILN was used in a buttress mode. Outcome was obtained by recheck examinations, radiography, and telephone interview. RESULTS: Device 1 was applicable to fractures of the humerus and femur, but was not used for fractures of the tibia because the ILN extension would have interfered with the stifle. No gross loosening of the ILN/ESF extension connection to the ILN occurred. Device 2 was easily placed and used in the humerus, femur, and tibia. Device 2 allowed removal of the ILN interlock to one or both main fracture segments non-invasively. Clinically, both devices added stability compared with ILN repair alone. Both devices facilitated controlled destabilization of the fracture repair as healing progressed. Complications of pin tract infection, and premature hybrid bolt/ESF pin loosening resulting in premature ESF removal each occurred in 1 patient. Four of 28 hybrid ILN/ESF pins were grossly loose at 4- or 6-week postoperative recheck examinations. Outcomes were excellent (9), good (1), fair (1), and poor (1). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequately stabilized ILN repair of fractures can be stabilized by use of either device, both of which also permit controlled destabilization of the repair during healing. Device 2 can be used when non-invasive removal of the ILN interlock is desired during healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These 2 devices should be considered as alternative methods for stabilization of inadequately stabilized ILN repairs in dogs and cats, or when controlled destabilization of an ILN fracture repair is desired.     

Tracing Pb Pollution Penetration in Temperate Podzols

We combine high‐resolution soil sampling with lead (Pb) analyses (concentrations and stable isotopes) in two temperate podzols, together with previous data obtained with selective Al and Fe dissolution techniques. We aim to assess how atmospheric Pb is incorporated into the soils during pedogenesis. Partial least squares modelling for Pb concentrations shows that the podzolization process has the largest effect on Pb concentration (80·3% of the variance). The proportion of inorganic secondary compounds, the input of fresh organic matter from the soil surface and the relative abundance of Fe versus Al are responsible for a small part of the Pb concentration variance. Lead isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) depends on soil organic matter content either fresh/poorly humified (57·3% of the variance) or humified (24·7% of the variance). The Pb linked to inorganic compounds and the overall podzolization process play a minor role in isotopic signature (5·3 and 3·7% of the variance respectively). Soil pH appears to be the controlling variable of the different transport and retention mechanisms. The relatively low isotopic ratios observed in spodic horizons result from geogenic Pb released through the preferential dissolution of the isotopically distinct most weatherable minerals of the parent material in the eluvial horizons, which undergoes downward mobilization. An accurate knowledge of soil reactive components and formation mechanisms is essential to a correct diagnose of the scope of Pb pollution and a more effective design of remediation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

回龙电站尾水洞内衬钢板加固抗外压稳定分析

隧洞内衬钢板灌胶加固技术是在钢筋混凝土隧洞内壁通过植锚栓的方式安装薄钢板,而后在钢板与混凝土接触面之间灌注结构胶,使钢板与混凝土共同受力,满足钢筋混凝土隧洞结构加固的需要。在灌注结构胶的过程中,由于外部灌注压力的作用,薄钢板抗外压失稳问题将受到特别的关注。通过具体工程实例,详细介绍了薄钢板抗外压稳定计算的几种方法。     

Effects of Cadmium and Lead on Plant Growth and Content of Heavy Metals in Arugula Cultivated in Nutritive Solution

A greenhouse assay using an arugula (Eruca sativa L.) hydroponics system was carried out to evaluate the following effects of increasing amounts of cadmium and lead in nutritive solution: (a) production; (b) translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) throughout the plants; (c) possible interactions of Cd and Pb with other mineral elements, transition metals, essential to plants; (d) tolerance limits to Cd and Pb with regard to production; and (e) chelating interaction of Cd and Pb with root substances. The absorption of Cd and Pb increased with increasing dosages in solution. Roots accumulated larger amounts of metals than shoots. Plants develop better with less than 0.025 mg L^?1 of Cd, with a damaging Cd concentration of 1 mg L^?1. The tolerable Pb concentration was up to 10 mg L^?1. Cadmium and Pb translocate poorly in plants and their deleterious effect is due to the deposit of very stable chelates in roots.     

Predicting total soil lead from an acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffered solution

Abstract

Total soil lead was predicted satisfactorily from the Lead extracted by the Standard Morgan soil testing solution (sodium acetate with acetic acid, pH 4.8). Using 161 soils, 85% of the variance in total lead content was accounted for by:

Total Lead = ‐115 + 106.4 √Sodium Acetate Extracted Lead A modified Morgan solution, utilizing EDTA as a chelating agent, extracted greater than 3 times as much lead as the regular Morgan's solution, but was no better in predicting total lead.     

微粒蒙脱石对猪组织铅水平、红细胞生成和肝脏ALA-D酶活性及铅诱导的脂质过氧化的影响

选60头体质量约33kg的“杜长大”杂交猪，随机分成2组，每组3个重复，一组饲以基础日粮＋10mg/kg铅＋0.5％微粒蒙脱石，另一组饲以基础日粮＋10mg／kg铅作为对照。研究结果表明：添加微粒蒙脱石组与对照组相比，明显降低了猪全血、脑、肝、肾、骨和毛等组织中铅含量：通过血细胞计数、血红素和血球容积测定表明，添加微粒蒙脱石组的红细胞生成显著增高，且肝脏中ALA—D酶活性显著提高。铅对肝脏的损伤作用明显。表现为丙二醛（MDA）含量显著升高（17．08％），过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）含量分别降低85．73％、52．17％、47．56％，而在日粮中添加微粒蒙脱石可以显著改善铅诱导的上述损伤。结果提示，微粒蒙脱石对铅中毒有潜在的治疗作用。     

浅析完善中国森林生态效益补偿制度

随着地球人口的增加和人类活动的加剧,保护森林资源已经提上了各国的议事日程。而对于我国这样的一个贫林国家,森林资源的保护问题与森林生态效益的补偿就显得愈加迫切与重要。文章针对我国现有的森林生态效益补偿制度的沿革、存在的问题进行了分析,并提出我国森林生态效益补偿制度需进一步完善或创新。