Conservation biology for suites of species: Demographic modeling for Pacific island kingfishers

Conservation practitioners frequently extrapolate data from single-species investigations when managing critically endangered populations. However, few researchers initiate work with the intent of making findings useful to conservation efforts for other species. We presented and explored the concept of conducting conservation-oriented research for suites of geographically separated populations with similar natural histories, resource needs, and extinction threats. An example was provided in the form of an investigation into the population demography of endangered Micronesian kingfishers (Todiramphus cinnamominus). We provided the first demographic parameter estimates for any of the 12 endangered Pacific Todiramphus species, and used results to develop a population projection matrix model for management throughout the insular Pacific. Further, we used the model for elasticity and simulation analyses with demographic values that randomly varied across ranges that might characterize congener populations. Results from elasticity and simulation analyses indicated that changes in breeding adult survival exerted the greatest magnitude of influence on population dynamics. However, changes in nestling survival were more consistently correlated with population dynamics as demographic rates were randomly altered. We concluded that conservation practitioners working with endangered Pacific kingfishers should primarily focus efforts on factors affecting nestling and breeder survival, and secondarily address fledgling juveniles and helpers. Further, we described how the generalized base model might be changed to focus on individual populations and discussed the potential application of multi-species models to other conservation situations.     

Proposal to make the island of Linosa/Italy as a centre for on-farm conservation of plant genetic resources

In view of the remarkable interest of the flora, vegetation and landscape of Linosa island, a natural reserve should be suggested including protection of the traditional agriculture. Especially for the last aim completely new ways have to be elaborated. An integrated approach of nature protection and on-farm conservation could be the ideal conclusion.     

黄河流域水土保持梯田建设

黄河流域水土保持梯田建设高荣乐（黄委会黄河上中游管理局，西安７１００４３）一、梯田建设的发展历程黄河流域坡地修成梯田的历史悠久，有明确记述及可考证的是在明清两代。古代农民在坡地耕作中沿等高线留地界使坡面逐步形成阶梯状，这是黄河流域梯田最早形成的方式。...     

水土保持与持续发展

持续发展理论已被世界环境与发展大会确立为全世界所有国家的共同发展战略。其核心思想是：当今人类的经济和社会发展，必须是既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足他们需要的能力构成危害。古今中外社会发展的历史证明，水土流失严重破坏人类赖以生存的水土资源，搞好水土保持是实现持续发展战略的重要措施。水土保持不仅要控制土壤侵蚀，还要改善土壤的物理性质和补充土中的养分，以改善生态环境，发展生产。水土保持的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益相互依存，在工作中不可片面强调某一效益而顾此失彼。     

全世界有些国家重新考虑或取消修建大型水坝的计划

前不久,苏联停止了几项要花数十年时间才能完成的工程计划。这些工程是苏联有史以来规模最大的—筑坝,并使4条向北流的河流改道,以引水灌溉南方的辽阔地区。     

促进水土保持经济良性循环的探讨

山东省现已完成水蚀、风蚀综合治理面积26946.44km~2,但大量的水土保持设施老化失修,丧失了水土保持功能,导致效益衰减。据计算,全省每年约需1.81亿元运行管理费和维护费,而国家仅投入300万元用于小流域治理。因此,目前水土保持经济自我维持良性循环难以做到。实现水土保持经济良性循环的对策主要有:国家对水土保持在各项政策上给予优惠、倾斜;进一步改革投资机制,提高投资效益;依法监督管理收取水土流失防治费、建立服务性实体和小流域服务站等,增强水土保持自身发展活力。     

我国水土保持责任制初探

 通过对我国水土保持责任制的框架与思路(政府、企业、土地使用者的水土保持目标责任制)、落实情况监测与考评体系的建立,以及责任制保障体系完善的初步探讨,为今后水土保持责任制的全面制定和落实提供依据,确保我国水土保持工作的持续、稳定发展。     

水土保持对偏关河径流和泥沙的影响分析

 偏关河流域水土保持面积从1959年的1万1593hm2增加到1996年的5万5338hm2,占流域面积的28.90%。年径流量、常水径流量与年份和各类水土保持措施之间,均呈极显著负相关,年径流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量,均呈显著正相关,而常水流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量关系很弱;偏关河流域小型蒸发器测定的蒸发量与年份呈显著负相关,但径流和泥沙变化并没有增加,说明水土保持是引起径流量和泥沙量变化的主要原因。洪水径流量、年输沙量和洪水输沙量变化一致,与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量均呈显著正相关,而与水土保持措施面积呈不显著的负相关。     

南方红壤坡地不同利用模式的水土保持及生态效益研究

通过对15°红壤坡地11个利用模式10年土壤侵蚀研究,认为红壤坡地土地利用模式中林作系统水土保持效果优于农作系统。林作系统中水土保持效果以常绿阔叶林最好,次为混交林,毛竹林和针叶林。农作系统中顺坡植物篱种植、等高梯化种植、顺坡水平沟种植水土保持效果较好。研究认为红壤坡地土地利用模式应以林作为主,尽可能发展高效的经济林。而如发展农业种植,则以顺坡植物篱种植模式最佳,次为等高梯化种植模式。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤侵蚀及其预报模型研究

在小流域内建立人工径流试验小区和自然坡面径流试验小区,观测天然降雨条件下的土壤侵蚀现象、土壤侵蚀量和小流域出口治沟骨干工程的淤积量,并对小流域土壤侵蚀进行了分类。在特别界定小流域"坡面侵蚀"、"沟道侵蚀"和沟道"重力侵蚀"词语含义的基础上,建立起坡面侵蚀模数和沟道侵蚀模数的预报模型。该侵蚀预报模型具有较高的精度,适用于年降雨量为430mm左右的黄土丘陵沟壑区。