施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米营养品质及中微量元素含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了施氮量和穗粒肥比例对稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量及Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca含量的影响。结果表明,稻米氨基酸和蛋白质含量均随着施氮量和穗粒肥比例的提高而增加,但施氮量和穗粒肥比例对氨基酸含量的影响程度因品种和氨基酸种类而异。合系39的氨基酸含量受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较滇屯502的大;His、Val、Gly、Pro和Lys受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较大,Ile、Arg、Asp和Glu受施氮量和穗粒肥比例的影响较小。稻米中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、Ca的含量和产量均随着施氮量的增加先上升后下降;从稻谷和蛋白质的产量、6种矿质元素的含量和产量看,供试粳型品种合系39的适宜施氮量较籼型品种滇屯502高。     

Evidence that straw does not increase the mobilization of N from decomposing salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh.) leaf litter

We tested whether straw could induce higher N release from decomposing salal leaf litter, which ostensibly interferes with mineralization of N. We mixed forest floor material from two forest types with ¹⁵N-enriched salal leaf litter, and incubated the mixtures 3 years with and without straw amendments. The amounts of N, as well as the relative amounts of ¹⁵N, extracted in five fractions were, respectively, 29-93 and 25-82% lower in straw-amended forest floor. Results suggest that straw diverted microbial decomposition activity away from the more recalcitrant litter fractions. Previous reports of higher mineral-N availability in straw-amended forest floors are best explained by a fertilizer effect of straw as opposed to a ‘priming effect’.     

Depletion of non‐exchangeable NH$ _4^+ $ at the root–soil and hyphae–soil interface of VA mycorrhizal maize (Zea mays) and parsley (Petroselinum sativum)

Mobilization of non‐exchangeable ammonium (NH ) by hyphae of the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glumus mosseae was studied under controlled experimental conditions. Maize (Zea mays) and parsley (Petroselinum sativum) were grown either alone or in symbiosis with Glomus mosseae in containers with separated compartments for roots and hyphal growth. In one experiment, ¹⁵NH was added to the soil to differentiate between the native non‐exchangeable NH and the non‐exchangeable NH derived from N fertilization. Non‐exchangeable NH was mobilized by plant growth. Plant dry weight and N uptake, however, were not significantly influenced by mycorrhizal colonization of the roots. The influence of root infection with mycorrhizal fungus on the mobilization of non‐exchangeable NH was negligible. In the hyphal compartment, hyphal uptake of N resulted in a decrease of NH in the soil solution and of exchangeable NH . However, the NH concentration was still too high to permit the release of non‐exchangeable NH . The results demonstrate that, in contrast to roots, hyphae of VAM fungi are not able to form a non‐exchangeable‐NH depletion zone in the adjacent soil. However, under conditions of a more substantial depletion of the exchangeable NH in the mycorrhizal sphere (e.g., with longer growth), an effect of mycorrhiza on the non‐exchangeable NH might be found.     

Soil chemistry change in a lowland english deciduous Woodland 1974–1991

This study outlines the results of analysis of soil samples collected from fixed quadrats located in a regular pattern across Wytham Wood. Oxfordshire, England. The site contains plots of mixed deciduous ancient woodland and more recent plantations. A previous soil study was undertaken in 1974 and samples archived. Soils were resampled in 1991 and some re-analysis of the 1974 samples was undertaken. Soils were of a wide range in types from sands to gravels with a pH range of 3.0–7.0. Results showed some decline in pH in lower horizons, but most striking was a large increase in soil nitrogen for all horizons and soil types.     

长期施用有机和无机肥对潮土氮素平衡与去向的影响

通过13年26季不同施肥方式对潮土土壤氮素平衡及去向进行定位监测的结果表明,不施氮肥土壤平均每年接受外源氮为N.23～24.kg/hm2,小麦和玉米带走N.82～88.kg/hm2,亏缺N.58.6～63.7.kg/hm2;各施氮肥处理平均每年实际盈余N.238.6～418.kg/hm2,其盈余多少顺序为1.5MNPKNNKMNPK(2)MNPKNPKNPSNPK。N、NK处理土壤接受外源氮N为4881和4876.kg/hm2,其中14.1%～20.7%被作物吸收利用,17.2%和5.2%残留在土壤,64%和72%损失;NP、NPK处理氮素去向基本一致,48%被作物利用,9.7%的残留在土壤中,55%损失;有机肥处理(MNPK)的氮素利用率、残留率和损失率分别为44.3%、23%和42%;有机肥用量增加,氮素利用率降低,损失率增加;秸秆还田(SNPK)氮素利用率最高,为51%;NK处理氮素损失最大。     

水稻对氮素的吸收、分配及其在组织中的挥发损失

应用¹⁵N示踪技术研究了水稻不同生育期吸收的¹⁵N在各器官中的分配,以及后期植物组织中的挥发损失。结果发现,水稻在分蘖期吸收的氮量少于在幼穗分化期吸收的氮量;在分蘖期吸收的¹⁵N,标记结束时氮素主要分配于水稻的叶片中,至成熟期¹⁵N有39%转运至水稻子粒中;水稻在幼穗分化期吸收的¹⁵N,标记结束时氮素主要分配在水稻茎和叶鞘中,至成熟期¹⁵N有46%转运至水稻的子粒中;水稻在分蘖期和幼穗分化期吸收的氮素在后期可以通过植株组织挥发损失,至成熟期损失的比例分别达16.7%和13.4%。     

冬枣氮素含量预测模型中特征波长选择方法的应用

为了提高近红外光谱法快速测定枣叶氮含量的准确性和鲁棒性。采用偏最小二乘法建立了冬枣叶片氮含量近红外光谱模型。模型的相关系数为0.799,均方根误差为0.055。整个光谱区域包含了许多与冬枣氮含量无关的光谱变量。冗余信息的存在降低了模型的预测性能。所以采用间隔偏最小二乘(IPLS)结合遗传算法和模拟退火算法来选择冬枣叶片氮含量的特征波长。用凯氏定氮法测定冬枣叶样品的氮含量。试验选用15棵枣树,每棵树5个叶片作为试验对象。用于光谱测量的仪器是ASD光谱仪,测试仪在350~2 500 nm波长范围内,光谱分辨率为1 nm。在数据采集前使用了白板进行校正(标准白板反射系数为1),每个样品测量了5次,取平均值作为样品的相对反射率。遗传算法结合间隔偏最小二乘法选取的4个特征波长为685,689,781,783 nm。根据这4个波长,建立了冬枣叶片氮含量近红外光谱模型。模型预测相关系数为0.9175,预测均方根误差为0.063。利用模拟退火算法,建立了7个波长的冬枣叶片氮含量的近红外光谱模型。模型的相关系数为0.9301,均方根误差为0.052。因此,近红外光谱结合光谱选择方法的特点,可以有效地提高模型的精度,使模型更实用。但光谱选择方法的特点并不普遍。基于单波长变量选择的模型更为敏感,更适用于均匀采样。基于波长间隔选择的模型抗干扰能力相对较强,但更适合于不均匀采样。因此,基于状态与模型相结合的特征选择可以更好地应用于模型。     

15N示踪研究烤烟对氮的吸收及分配

采用盆栽试验，利用^15N示踪研究了烤烟对不同形态氮的吸收利用规律。结果表明，烤烟各部位叶片对氮素的积累量表现为中部叶〉上部叶〉下部叶；肥料氮进入的比例具有下部叶〉中部叶〉上部叶的规律。不同生育期肥料氮进入烟叶中的比例，以团棵期最高，之后肥料氮进入的比例减少，统计分析结果表明（5％水平），从现蕾期到成熟期之间差异不大。同位素^15N标记肥料施入土壤后约39％～53％被烟株吸收利用，约22％～41％损失，约20％～37％残留于土壤中。