Estimated nitrogen use efficiency,surplus, and partitioning in young apple trees grown in varied organic production systems

A certified organic apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on nitrogen (N) use efficiency and N surplus in the Southern U.S. for three years. Trees treated with green compost (GC) and wood chips (WC), regardless of the NS, had greater N accumulation and leaf N use efficiency compared to the shredded paper or mow-and-blow treated trees. The WC-treated trees had comparably low N surplus relative to the GC trees that induced more [NO₃⁻] in soil or soil solution in the rooting zone in September in year 3. GC trees had the highest [NO₃⁻] mineralization in the soil during winter. GMS had greater overall effects on the tree response variables than did the NS.     

滴灌土壤水分运动研究进展

滴灌土壤水分运动的研究对于滴灌系统的合理设计有着重要的理论和现实意义。在国内外研究的基础上,概括了在滴灌条件下土壤水分运动规律及其影响因素、湿润体浸润形状、湿润锋的运移规律、点源入渗的几个经典模型及各自的优缺点等方面的研究现状。在此基础上,进一步探讨了滴灌土壤水分运动研究中还存在的问题,如滴灌点源交叉区域内的土壤水分变...     

Origin软件在研究市售滴灌产品水力性能中的应用

滴灌是一种受到广泛关注的低压节水灌溉技术,滴灌产品作为承栽该技术的载体,其质量直接影响了滴灌技术的推广。通常那些制造偏差小、流量均匀度高、抗堵塞性能强、单位成本低的滴灌产品才能得到更广泛的应用。采用最小二乘法,使用origin软件对市售的4种主要滴灌产品压力一流量关系进行拟合计算,结果表明：使用该软件拟合的流量及水利性...     

滴灌下不同供磷方式对马铃薯生长的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在滴灌施肥条件下不同供磷方式对马铃薯生长、产量、品质的影响。结果表明,施磷处理马铃薯的生物学产量显著高于不施磷处理,而不同供磷方式对马铃薯生物学产量的差异不显著;滴施磷肥处理有利于提高马铃薯块茎中的磷质量浓度;马铃薯块茎产量以50%磷肥基施、50%磷肥分10次追施的处理最高,且其商品薯率也最高,达到88.96%,比不施磷肥的对照处理高出6.54%;不同供磷方式对马铃薯块茎中的淀粉含量、干物质含量等品质指标的影响表现为差异不显著。     

土壤盐分与灌溉水质对滴灌棉花出苗率的影响

试验研究了灌溉水质与土壤初始含盐率对滴灌棉花出苗率的影响.试验结果表明,土壤不舍盐时,灌溉水质d对内行棉花出苗率影响不显著,对外行棉花出苗率影响显著;自来水处理的内行与外行棉花出苗率均大于微成水处理;在4种微咸水中,EC小的水质对应的出苗率高,EC值相同时,SAR值小的内行出苗率高,SAR值大的外行出苗率高.当土壤舍盐...     

Effect of tile effluent on nutrient concentration and retention efficiency in agricultural drainage ditches

Tile drainage is a common water management practice in many agricultural landscapes in the Midwestern United States. Drainage ditches regularly receive water from agricultural fields through these tile drains. This field-scale study was conducted to determine the impact of tile discharge on ambient nutrient concentration, nutrient retention and transport in drainage ditches. Grab water samples were collected during three flow regimes for the determination of soluble phosphorus (SP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentrations and their retention in three drainage ditches. Measured nutrient concentration indicated lower SP and NH₄⁺-N, and greater NO₃-N concentrations in tile effluents compared to the ditch water. Net uptake lengths were relatively long, especially for NO₃-N, indicating that nutrients were generally not assimilated efficiently in these drainage systems. Results also indicated that the study reaches were very dynamic showing alternating increases or decreases in nutrient concentration across the flow regimes. The drainage ditches appeared to be nutrient-rich streams that could potentially influence the quality of downstream waters.     

两种不同布水方式对生物砂滤池去除厌氧消化液氨氮的影响

在实验室条件下,采用试验生物砂滤柱模拟生物砂滤池系统,研究了雾化和滴渗布水方式对生物砂滤池去除猪场厌氧消化液氨氮的影响,结果表明:在进水水力负荷为0.057 m3.m-2d-1,氨氮平均浓度分别为293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1,553 mg.L-1时,雾化布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为98.8%,87.4%,75.1%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为3.61 mg.L-1,64.7 mg.L-1,138 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为16.4 g.m-2d-1,25.4g.m-2d-1,23.5 g.m-2d-1;滴渗布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为77.4%,71.4%,59.3%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为66.3 mg.L-1,147 mg.L-1,225 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为12.9 g.m-2d-1,20.7 g.m-2d-1,18.6 g.m-2d-1;雾化布水可以提高生物砂滤池氨氮的去除率、去除负荷,降低出水氨氮浓度;滴渗布水在进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,雾化布水进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1的条件下,出水氨氮平均浓度可达到《畜禽...     

滴灌条件下灰枣施肥效应研究

以滴灌为条件设置不同水肥处理,通过施肥模型建立与分析,研究氮磷钾施肥配比对灰枣产量与品质的影响。结果表明：在设计水平范围内,土壤中适量增施氮、磷肥能提高灰枣果实单果重和产量;增施钾肥可提高枣果中还原糖和Vc的含量,增施氮肥则可提高蛋白质的含量;氮、磷、钾三因素对灰枣产量以及糖度、Vc含量的作用顺序为：施钾量〉施磷量〉施...     

滴灌条件下积盐范围内混种耐盐草及盐分变化趋势的研究

以pH=7.9的水作为灌溉水源,土壤含水率、土壤密度及滴头流量不同的条件下,对土壤湿润体的变化过程进行试验,确定湿润峰及积盐范围,在积盐范围内混种盐角草和猪毛菜。测定土壤酸碱度及易溶盐离子总量的减少量,并积盐范围内混种的盐角草和猪毛菜与普通土壤中栽培的盐角草和猪毛菜的盐含量进行对比。结果表明,盐角草吸走部分Na＋、Cl...     

Involvement of Bradyrhizobium japonicum denitrification in symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean plants subjected to flooding

Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids contributes to nitric oxide (NO) production within soybean nodules in response to flooding conditions. However, the physiological relevance of NO production by denitrification in B. japonicum-Glycine max symbiosis is still unclear. In this work, soybean plants were inoculated with B. japonicum strains lacking the nirK or norC genes which encode the copper-containing nitrite reductase and the c-type nitric oxide reductase enzymes, respectively. 14 days flooding increased nodule number of plants inoculated with the WT and norC strains, but not of plants inoculated with the nirK mutant. However, nodule dry weight was not affected by 14 days flooding regardless of the strain used for inoculation. Supporting this observation, individual nodule growth was significantly higher in plants inoculated with nirK than those inoculated with WT or norC after 14 days flooding. Nodule functioning was strongly inhibited by flooding since leghemoglobin content of the nodules induced by any of the strains was significantly decreased after 7 or 14 days flooding compared to control plants. However, this effect was more relevant in nodules of plants inoculated with the WT or norC mutant than in those inoculated with the nirK mutant. Nitrogen fixation was also estimated by analyzing nitrogen content derived from biological nitrogen fixation in shoots, using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. By using this approach, we observed that the negative effect of 14 days flooding on nitrogen fixation was more pronounced in plants inoculated with the norC mutant. However, nitrogen fixation of plants inoculated with nirK showed the highest tolerance to 14 days flooding. These findings allowed us to demonstrate the previously proposed hypothesis which suggests that NO formed by copper-containing nitrite reductase in soybean nodules, in response to flooding, has a negative effect on nitrogenase activity. We propose that inoculation of soybeans with a B. japonicum nirK mutant, which does not produce NO from nitrate, increases the tolerance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to flooding.