Effects of ambient air pollution on wheat and rice yield in Pakistan

Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O₃ concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO₂ concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.     

水稻黄叶突变体光合特性的日变化

对水稻黄叶突变体黄玉B及其亲本龙特甫B孕穗期的光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化所进行的研究表明:(1)在自然日照条件下,当光强上升到1043.4μmol/m2.s时,野生型出现光饱和点并表现出光抑制现象,而突变体没有出现光饱和点;(2)在野生型出现光抑制阶段(12:00—14:00),突变体的光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光量子效率(фPSⅡ)、非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)和热耗散(NPQ)均高于野生型。突变体在强光条件下(PFD>1149.2μmol/m2.s)能有效利用光能并耗散过剩光能,其对强光光响应能力优于野生型亲本。     

杂交水稻氮、钾肥施用技术研究

在杂交水稻高产栽培中,根据杂交水稻需肥规律,合理分配和运筹肥料是关键技术。连续2年田间试验结果表明,在杂交水稻前期基蘖肥、中期长粗肥、后期穗肥施氮比例为8∶2∶0和施钾比例为10∶0∶0的习惯比例上,减少总氮量的12%,使前、中、后期用氮比例为8∶0∶2,用钾比例为3∶7∶0,有利于塑造一个稳发缓降的群体,提高水稻的群体质量,培育壮秆大穗而获高产,较习惯比例施肥增产13 4%。     

水稻强化栽培下不同氮肥管理对产量与氮素利用的影响

以籼型单季超级杂交稻中浙优1号为材料,研究水稻强化栽培氮肥管理对产量与氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:水稻强化栽培与常规栽培对照比较,增产达11.1%-15.2%,氮肥回收率比对照高5.3%~26.9%,农学利用率比对照高67.2%~92.2%,生理利用率比对照高6.0%~80.5%。因此,在水稻生产上应用水稻强化栽培可以提高氮肥的利用,降低氮肥在环境中积累及对环境造成污染。此外,本文对水稻强化栽培下氮肥管理的高产机理进行了探讨。     

稻种破胸催芽装置的试验研究

为探索适于洞庭湖区农村使用简易机械化育秧设备,对2ZPQ-800、2DBY-800型稻种破胸催芽器进行了早稻使用试验,结果表明功效高,成本低,适于推广。使用该装置可较农家常规育秧节约种子10～15％,提高发芽率10.7％,加工一批(800kg)可节约种子100kg左右。     

K高效和K低效基因型水稻Na和K的吸收和分布与水稻生长及体内K利用率之间的关系

A pot experiment with two rice (Oriza sativa L.) genotypes differing in internal potassium use efficiency (IKUE) was conducted under different sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels. Adding NaCl at a proper level enhanced rice vegetative growth and increased grain yield and IKUE under low potassium. Addition of higher rate of NaCl had a negative effect on the growth of the K-efficient rice genotype, but did not for the K-inefficient genotype. Under low-K stress, higher NaCl decreased IKUE of the K-efficient rice genotype but increased IKUE for the K-inefficient genotype. At tillering stage and under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and decreased the ratio of K/Na for both genotypes. At harvesting stage under low-K stress, adding NaCl increased K and Na contents and K/Na ratio for the K-efficient genotype but decreased the K/Na ratio for the K-inefficient genotype. The accumulated Na was mostly deposited in the roots and sheaths. At tillering stage, the K and Na contents and the K/Na ratios in different parts for both genotypes decreased in the following sequence: K⁺ in sheaths > K⁺ in blades > K⁺ in roots; Na⁺ in roots > Na⁺ in sheaths > Na⁺ in blades; and K/Na in sheaths >> K/Na in roots. The K-efficient genotype had a lower K/Na ratio in roots and sheaths than the K-inefficient genotype under low-K stress. At harvesting stage, K and Na contents in grains were not affected, whereas K/Na ratio in the rice straws was increased for the K-efficient genotype but decreased for the K-inefficient genotype by Na addition. However, this was not the case under K sufficient condition.     

不同早稻品种灌浆期高温胁迫后根系生理差异研究

试验研究不同早稻品种灌浆期高温胁迫后根系生理差异结果表明,高温对不同水稻品种根系超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均有影响,但对耐热型品种的影响显著小于热敏感品种,耐热型品种在高温胁迫后保护酶活性能较快恢复并接近对照水平;高温胁迫对耐热型水稻品种根系α-萘胺氧化力无影响,但热敏感品种根系氧化力明显下降,故根系α-萘胺氧化力可作为根系耐热指标之一。     

增硝营养对水稻不同生育时期生长及氮素吸收同化的影响

The effect of nitrate （NO3^-） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth as well as N absorption and assimilation during different growth stages was examined using three typical rice cultivars. Dry weight, yield, N uptake, nitrate reductase activity （NRA） in leaves, and glutamine synthetase activity （GSA） in roots and leaves during their entire growth periods, as well as the kinetic parameters of ammonium （NH4^＋） uptake at the seedling stage, were measured with solution culture experiments. Results indicated that addition of NH4^＋-N and NO3^-N at a ratio of 75：25 （NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment） when compared with that of NH4^＋-N alone （NH4^＋ treatment） increased the dry weight of ‘Nanguang＇ cultivar by 30% and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivar by 31%, and also increased their grain yield by 21% and 17%, respectively. For the four growth stages, the total N accumulation in plants increased by an average of 36% for ‘Nanguang＇ and 31% for ‘Yunjing 38＇, whereas the increasing effect of NO3^- in the ‘4007＇ cultivar was only found at the seedling stage, in the NH4^＋＋NO3^- treatment compared to the NH4^＋ treatment, NRA in the leaves increased by 2.09 folds, and GSA increased by 92% in the roots and 52% in the leaves of the three cultivars. NO3^- supply increased the maximum uptake rate （Vmax） in the ‘Nanguang＇ and ‘Yunjing 38＇ cultivars, reflecting that the NO3^- itself, not the increasing N concentration, increased the uptake rate of NH4^＋ by rice. There was no effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant （Kin） of the three cultivars. Thus, some replacement of NH4^＋ with NO3^-could greatly improve the growth of rice plants, mainly on account of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ promoted by NO3^-, and future studies should focus on the molecular mechanism of the increased uptake of NH4^＋ by NO3^-.     

Can conservation tillage and residue management enhance energy use efficiency and sustainability of rice-pea system in the Eastern Himalayas?

ABSTRACT

Low productivity and energy use efficiency (EUE) of rice farming are the major concerns for agricultural sustainability in the Eastern Himalayan region of India. A field experiment on rice (Oryza sativa L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L) system was conducted for three consecutive years during 2012–15 in lowland ecosystem to assess the direct and residual impact of tillage and residue management (RM) practises on productivity and sustainability. Significantly higher grain yield of rice was achieved under no-till (NT) than minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). Among RM practises, 50% NPK + green leaf manure, 50% NPK + weed biomass and 50% NPK + in-situ residue retention recorded significantly higher mean grain yields than application of 50% NPK and 100% NPK without residues. Residual effect of MT in preceding rice gave significantly higher green pod yield of succeeding pea than NT and CT. The system EUE was significantly higher under MT (rice)-NT (pea) compared to those of NT-NT and CT-NT systems. The sustainable yield index of rice and pea was maximum under MT-NT followed by NT-NT. Thus, NT/MT with suitable RM practises is a pertinent strategy for sustainable productivity of rice-pea system in the Eastern Himalayas and in similar adjoining regions.