Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake,rumen fermentation,growth performance,and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes

Fifteen, one year old swamp buffalo males with average liveweight of 200.5 ± 9.5 kg were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design to receive three dietary treatments of supplemental vegetable oils in concentrate contained 140, 750, and 16 g of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and ether extract, respectively (T1 = unsupplemented, T2 = supplemental coconut oil and sunflower oil in ratio 50:50 at 6% of concentrate, and T3 = supplemental sunflower oil at 6% of concentrate) during a 5-month feeding trial. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum and concentrate was supplemented at 150 g/kg BW. The results revealed that supplementation of vegetable oils decreased dry matter intake in sunflower oil supplemented group. Combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil supplementation resulted in similar average daily gain as those found in control and in sunflower oil supplemented groups. Rumen microorganism population, ammonia–nitrogen, blood urea–nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were decreased as vegetable oils were supplemented. Oil supplementation slightly reduced growth rate, hot carcass percentage, loin eye area particularly on sunflower oil supplemented group. Based on these findings, vegetable oil resulted in decreased performance of swamp buffaloes although the combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil could reduce negative effect of unsaturated oil supplementation. However, further analyses of conjugated fatty acids (CLA) in meat could offer useful information in determining pronounced effects of vegetable oil supplementation.     

多层砌体房屋楼层地震剪力的简化计算

根据建筑抗震设计规范的有关规定，对多层砌体房屋楼层地震剪力的计算。提出了一种经算法，编制了计算程序和表格。通过算例将本文方法与规范方法进行了对比，结果表明本文方法简单、实用、准确。     

日光温室气象环境综合研究(三)——几种弧型采光屋面温室内直射光量的比较研究

本文计算了北京地区四种弧型采光屋面的温室内10～4月各月平均太阳直接辐射日总量(简称直射光总量),并进行了比较。结果表明10～4月室内直射光总量均以圆面——抛物面组合型温室最高,椭圆面最低。圆面和抛物面相比,冬季(11～2月)前者优于后者,春季(3～4月)相反。     

不同植被类型根系提高浅层滑坡土体抗剪强度的试验研究

通过对裸地、扭黄茅草地、车桑子灌木林地和桉树林地四种不同植被类型、不同深度土壤在天然含水量情况下的直剪试验，研究了植被类型对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明，植被具有提高非饱和土抗剪强度的作用，黏聚力增加较大，内摩擦角增加相对较小；土层越深，土壤抗剪强度提高的程度越小。     

湿沙的风蚀起动风速实验研究

在土壤风蚀研究中 ,Bagnold建立的干沙子的起动风速与沙粒粒径关系的表达式已被广泛接受。然而 ,沙子含水率是影响沙粒起动风速的重要因子 ,因为沙子在湿润状态下 ,水分子与沙粒颗粒之间的拉张力增加了颗粒间的内聚力。通过风洞模拟实验研究了各种粒径的沙子在湿润状态下的起动风速。实验结果表明 ,湿沙的起动摩阻速度与干沙的起动摩阻速度之比——相对起动摩阻速度能更好地反映沙子含水率对起动风速的影响。建立了湿沙子的起动风速与沙粒粒径和沙子含水率的关系式     

The mineralogy and potassium supplying power of some loessial and related soils of New Zealand

Sixteen Pallic (Aqualfs, Ustalfs, Aquepts, Ochrepts) and related soils collected from the North and South Islands of New Zealand were studied to determine if variations in nonexchangeable K supply could be explained by mineralogical composition. A strong relationship was found which indicates that mica is weathering to vermiculite. Proportions of vermiculite and kandite are generally higher in the North Island than in the South Island. Dominance of either micas or vermiculite or kandite is determined by the stage of weathering and/or the nature of parent materials. Soils that supplied more nonexchangeable K (K_nex) to ryegrass plants contained more mica in the clay fraction than soils that supplied less K_nex. The results confirmed that use of a soil test that includes a measure of K_nex (i.e. acid-extractable K) may be a vital part of identifying variations in plant available K status of the soils. It is concluded that the K supplying power of the Pallic and related soils is related directly to the amounts of mica present in clay fraction and that good K supplying soils will be transformed to K depleted soils as a result of increased weathering and leaching (pedogenic factors) and K exploitation in intensive farming systems.     

反复剪切作用下砒砂岩土壤力学性能试验

为分析砒砂岩土壤的力学性能,该文根据砒砂岩土壤的粒径分布特点,对比分析3种不同粒径（≥0.5～1 mm、≥0.25～0.5 mm、＜0.25 mm）,4种不同含水率（5%、8%、11%、14%）土壤试样在法向压力50~300 kPa作用下反复直剪的力学性能,得出以下结论：1）不同粒径的砒砂岩在第1次剪切中剪应力出现峰值,第2、3、4次的剪应力与剪切位移关系曲线呈微硬化型。粒径范围为≥0.25～0.5 mm的砒砂岩峰值强度和残余强度均最低;2）砒砂岩随含水率增加,峰值强度和残余强度均有所降低。粒径范围为≥0.5～1 mm的峰值强度和残余强度受含水率影响最显著;3）进一步拟合得到了砒砂岩法向位移和剪切位移的函数关系,可以较好地反应砒砂岩剪切过程的剪胀规律。该研究为砒砂岩区水土流失及边坡稳定问题的防治提供力学依据。     

坡面径流侵蚀产沙动力机制比较研究

分别利用坡面径流剪切力、坡面径流能耗和坡面径流单位水流功率理论对坡面土壤侵蚀发生过程进行了研究。研究结果表明,坡面径流平均输沙率与坡面径流平均剪切力之间均存在明显的线性关系,试验的土壤抗蚀性参数为178 5g/(Pa·min),径流临界剪切力为0 54Pa。根据径流能耗理论的计算结果表明,径流单宽输沙率和单宽径流能耗之间具有如下的线性关系式:Dr=14 61(ΔE-0 37),表明试验的土壤可蚀性参数为14 61g/J,临界单宽径流能耗为0 37J/(min·cm)。根据径流功率理论的计算结果,坡面径流功率与径流平均输沙率之间存在比较明显的线性关系,随着径流功率的增加,坡面径流输沙量明显增加,二者的线性关系为:Y=8942 2x-68 676。总体来说,3种理论在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用各有优势,其中坡面径流能耗理论相对简便并且误差较小,更利于对坡面土壤侵蚀过程进行描述。