亚热带典型地区土壤全氮和地形、母岩的关系研究--以江西省兴国县为例

土壤具有内在的空间变异性,加上缺乏充足的数据,因而估算土壤全氮含量的空间分布比较困难。本次研究根据兴国县151个样点数据,揭示全氮(TN)含量的空间分布特征,分析TN和地形因子的相关关系,应用线性回归分析,建立回归模型。结果表明:表层土壤中TN含量平均值为1.06g/kg,千枚岩发育的土壤中TN的平均含量最高,为1.35g/kg;砂页岩发育的土壤中TN的平均含量最低,为0.88g/kg。空间分布上:TN含量在0.5～1.0g/kg的面积最大,为1583.7km2,TN含量在2.0g/kg以上的面积最小,为126.7km2。地形变量中坡向对土壤TN含量影响最大,TN含量和母岩、海拔、坡向存在着正相关关系,坡度和TN含量的相关关系不明显。利用线性回归模型,可以预测TN含量的空间分布。     

农业数字图书馆服务新模式

根据农业数字图书馆特点、目前发展和服务现状，结合我馆“农业数字图书馆新农村科普基地建设”等项目开展情况及服务实践，提出农业数字图书馆在新时期服务的最佳模式，即以丰富的文献、网络资源为依托，以农村科普基地为平台，以农村、农民为对象，拓展农业数字图书馆服务，向农村延伸，向农民渗透。     

谷物联合收割机测产数据中的误差分析与处理

产量分布图作为实施精细农业的起点与农业生产管理决策的基础，其精度至关重要，而产量数据误差分析与处理则是提高产量分布图精度的关键。通过连续两年使用带有测产系统的联合收割机进行收获试验，并对得到的产量数据进行分析，发现产量数据中主要存在三类误差，即割幅宽度设置误差、填充时间误差和延迟时间误差。讨论了这三类误差的产生原因、识别和处理方法，并对小麦和玉米在不同收获条件下的误差进行了比较。分析结果表明，割幅宽度设置误差数据所占的比例一般小于6%，填充时间误差数据大于10%，延迟时间误差数据小于1%。     

荒漠草原风蚀地表颗粒空间异质特征

[目的]研究希拉穆仁荒漠草原地区风蚀地表颗粒的空间异质特征,对研判风蚀地表退化程度,进而合理保护与利用该区草地资源提供支持。[方法]利用数字图像处理技术,获取了希拉穆仁荒漠草原坡面表层土壤颗粒组成信息,结合经典统计学和地统计方法,研究易风蚀颗粒(0.42mm)、中等颗粒(0.42~0.84mm)、不易风蚀颗粒(0.84mm)的空间分布格局。[结果]荒漠草原地表颗粒含量组成表现为:不易风蚀颗粒中等颗粒易风蚀颗粒;颗粒变异系数变化范围为11.23%~38.17%,属中等程度变异。3种颗粒最优半方差函数模型分别为指数、球状、球状模型;Kriging插值结果显示坡顶土壤颗粒组成最粗,自坡顶向下表现出变细的趋势;南坡与西南坡土壤粗化最严重,粗化程度由重到轻依次为:南(S)西南(SW)西北(NW)西(W)东南(SE)北(N)东北(NE)东(E)。[结论]研究区土壤颗粒具有强烈的空间自相关性,土壤颗粒组成空间变异性主要由结构性因素引起,人为干扰也产生了一定影响。     

Interpolation type and data computation of crop yield maps is important for precision crop production

Technological advances in precision agriculture in the last two decades have made yield monitoring and mapping an economically feasible option or practice for farmers. Differentially corrected Global Positioning System (GPS)-equipped yield monitoring system on a combine allows collection of georeferenced yield data which when coupled with a geographic information system (GIS) can generate yield maps via several interpolation techniques. Scientists and practitioners have reported to use multiple different types of interpolation techniques to process yield data. However, one of the aspects that still need to be elucidated is the influence of the different interpolation methods on the quality of the resulting thematic yield maps. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of three interpolation methods (i.e., inverse of distance, inverse of square distance, and ordinary kriging) commonly used in developing yield maps. An index for the comparison of errors (ICE) was proposed to provide an objective criterion for selecting an experimental variogram model to use with the kriging. Results indicate that inverse distance squared performed slightly better in predicting yields than either inverse distance or ordinary kriging. With a mean absolute difference varying from 0.04 to 0.32 t ha^?1 corresponding to a relative deviation from 1.20 to 7.53%, the management decisions can differ in some cases based on the type of interpolation implemented.     

The Role of epistasis in controlling seed yield and other agronomic traits in an Andean × Mesoamerican cross of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Epistasis is a pervasive phenomenon in biology. Nevertheless, attempts at identifying epistatic interactions with quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses have yielded inconsistent results. In this study, we attempt to determine the genetic control of outbreeding depression and the possible role of epistasis following a wide cross in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A recombinant inbred population, derived from a cross between Andean and Mesoamerican common bean cultivars, was evaluated in two markedly contrasting environments. A low-density linkage map based on AFLPs was used to locate QTLs for the number of days to maturity, average daily biomass and seed yield accumulation, and harvest index. Both independently acting and digenic epistatic QTLs of similar magnitude were identified. A majority of the loci involved in these epistatic interactions did not have an independent effect. Although we did find evidence for strong epistatic control of the traits investigated, we also found, in contrast to other recent studies, that there was no evidence for a bias toward coadapted gene complexes at the level of digenic epistasis. We discuss these results in relation to the role of epistasis in the evolutionary history of the species and methodological difficulties in detecting epistasis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型油菜产量及相关性状的QTL分析

高产是甘蓝型油菜育种的重要目标之一，产量是多基因控制的数量性状。本文通过QTL作图分析了产量及其相关性状的数量性状位点，以甘蓝型油菜中油821和保604 F₁代小孢子培养获得的DH系为作图群体，构建了由20个连锁群组成的，包括251个分子标记( 2个RFLP标记，72个RAPD标记，91个SSR标记，86个SRAP标记)的遗传连锁图(10个标记没有分配到连锁群中)。图谱的平均图距为6.96 cM，共覆盖油菜基因组1 746.5 cM。在此图谱基础上采取复合区间作图法，检测到与油菜产量及其相关性状有关的QTL共17个。其中控制株高的3个分别位于第4、第9和第10连锁群上，对性状的解释率为9.42%～17.58%；与分枝部位有关的4个分别位于第4、第6和第7连锁群上，其中Bp1 和Bp2 均位于第4连锁群，对性状的解释率为8.13%～15.20%；与主花序有效长有关的3个分别位于第4、第10和第16连锁群上，对性状的解释率为7.49%～23.36%；与一次有效分枝有关的2个分别位于第1、第4连锁群上，对性状的解释率为15.29%～19.58%；与角果总数和千粒重有关的分别位于第4连锁群和第9连锁群上，贡献率分别为17.42%和7.64%；与单株产量有关的3个分别位于第3、第4和第15连锁群，共解释26.60%的表型变异。部分性状的QTL在连锁群上成簇分布,对性状贡献率很大，表现主效QTLs的特点，相应的性状之间也呈显著相关，这表明一因多效或者相关的QTLs之间紧密连锁是性状相关的遗传基础。本研究中与主效QTLs连锁的标记可用于油菜产量性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

Tracking System of Mobile Satellite Communication Ground Station Based on Grads Tracking Method

Existing mobile satellite communication ground stations mostly achieve satellite tracking with laser gyro.But such stations are not only expensive but also ponderous for installation in moving vehicles,and they can only track geostationary satellite.In order to solve these problems,a tracking scheme using grads tracking method is proposed.With this scheme,not only the expensive laser gyro can be eliminated from the system,but also non-geostationary satellite can be tracked.A tracking scheme based on GRAD-DBF(grads-digital beam forming)are presented.The tracking system can eliminate both the laser gyro and the mech-electronic rotating pedestal and servo system,at the same time it has the ability of tracking multiple non-geostationary satellites.Simulation programs and results of the tracking scheme are given by the software Mathcad.     

利用改进的复合区间作图法和F1代群体进行杉木的QTL作图

区间作图和复合区间作图最先是为近交群体而设计的QTL作图方法，现已得到了广泛的应用。本文将它们应用于林木的F1代群体的QTL作图，称为改进的区间作图和复合区间作图法。该方法考虑了林木F1代1：1分离位点的信息，不同于通常的“拟测交”作图法。采用该方法，本文利用两个杉木无性系句容0号杉和柔叶杉的AFLP分子标记遗传连锁图谱对杉木的13个数量性状进行了QTL定位。当似然比统计量的阀值取为13．82(对应于LOD为3．0)时，在两张杉木遗传连锁图谱上，共搜索到了25个QTL。在句容0号无性系遗传连锁图谱上，有5个QTL分布在4个连锁群上。在柔叶杉的遗传连锁图谱上，有20个QTL分布在3个连锁群上，其中第6连锁群上集中了高达13个QTL。这一新的QTL作图方法在作图精度上有了较大的提高。文中所有的计算都是使用Mathematica软件编程完成的。     

Clustering of amplified fragment length polymorphism markers in a linkage map of rye

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) are now widely used in DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity studies, the construction of dense genetic maps and in fine mapping of agronomically important traits. The AFLP markers have been chosen as a source to extend and saturate a linkage map of rye, which has previously been generated by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA, simple sequence repeat and isozyme markers. Gaps between linkage groups, which were known to be part of chromosome 2R, have been closed, thus allowing the determination of their correct order. Eighteen EcoRI‐MseI primer combinations were screened for polymorphism and yielded 148 polymorphic bands out of a total of 1180. The level of polymorphism among the different primer combinations varied from 5.7% to 33.3%. Eight primer combinations, which revealed most polymorphisms, were further analysed in all individuals of the F₂ mapping population. Seventy‐one out of 80 polymorphic loci could be integrated into the linkage map, thereby increasing the total number of markers to 182. However, 46% of the mapped AFLP markers constituted four major clusters located on chromosomes 2R, 5R and 7R, predominantly in proximity to the centromere. The integration of AFLP markers caused an increase of 215 cM, which resulted in a total map length of almost 1100 cM.