新疆棕漠土无机胶体对Cu2+的吸附特征研究

选用采自新疆阿克苏地区典型的棕漠土壤,用模拟吸附方法研究棕漠土无机胶体在不同阴阳离子作用下对Cu2 的吸附特征,得出:棕漠土无机胶体对铜的等温吸附曲线可以用Langmuir等温方程式拟合,解吸后,铜在胶体内的残余量与加入溶液的浓度呈很好的一次函数关系;随着加入支持电解质浓度的增加,胶体对铜的吸附量逐渐减少;不同电解质溶液对土壤无机胶体吸附铜的影响不一样,在Cl-存在下,对铜竞争吸附的影响K >NH4 >Na ;当支持电解质阳离子浓度相同时,阴离子对胶体吸附铜的影响都为SO42->Cl-     

沙生灌木平茬机切割器刃口曲线的设计

通过分析沙生灌木平茬机切割器的切割方式和运动规律,提出了用等滑切角曲线方程设计刃口曲线形状的方法,以30°和53°的滑切角为参数设计制造了割刀。室内外切割对比试验表明,等滑切角曲线刃口割刀的切割效果要优于直线刃口割刀的切割效果。     

封育条件下草地光谱反射特征及地上生物量估测

2005年7月至2006年4月,对云南省马龙县封育草地和过牧草地的光谱反射率、草层高度、覆盖度和地上生物量进行了测定,分析了归一化植被指数(NDVI)及比值植被指数(RVI)与地上生物量之间的相关性。结果表明:过牧草地封育1年之后,其草层高度、覆盖度和地上生物量显著增加,光谱反射特征也相应地发生明显变化。450~850 nm范围内,两种草地不同季相条件下在各波段的光谱反射率差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),覆盖度及季节变化对近红外波段的影响明显大于可见光波段。旺盛生长期(7月)和枯黄期(11月),封育草地具有植被反射型特征,而自由放牧草地表现为植被-土壤型;返青期(4月)两种草地均表现为土壤型。过牧草地地上生物量与两种植被指数之间无显著相关性。封育草地地上生物量与NDVI,RVI之间存在显著的(P<0.05)非线性相关,旺盛生长期和返青期NDVI与地上生物量的相关性强于RVI,枯黄期RVI与地上生物量相关性强于NDVI。     

四翅滨藜在干旱荒漠区的引种表现

对引种到河西走廊地区的四翅滨藜生态适应性进行了研究,结果表明,四翅滨藜不仅具有饲料营养价值高、生长速度快、生物量大等多种优良特性,而且是适合在甘肃河西乃至西北荒漠、半荒漠地区栽培的耐干旱、耐寒冷和耐盐碱的一种饲料灌木,将在改善生态环境和发展畜牧业等方面具有很大的发展潜力。     

Quantities of mineral N in soil and concentrations of nitrate‐N in groundwater in four grassland‐based systems of dairy production on a clay‐loam soil in a moist temperate climate

This study examined the quantity of mineral N in soil and nitrate‐N losses to groundwater from grassland‐based dairy production in 2001 and 2002. There were four treatments with different inputs of N, through fertilizers, concentrates and biological fixation, and four associated stocking densities. Nitrogen inputs were 205, 230, 300 and 400 kg ha^?1, respectively, and annual stocking densities were 1·75, 2·10, 2·50 and 2·50 cows ha^?1. There were 18 cows per treatment. Grazed herbage accounted for 0·64, grass‐silage for 0·26 and concentrates 0·10 of annual DM consumed by the cows. Quantities of mineral N (nitrate‐N and ammonium‐N) in soil were measured, following extraction in 2 M KCl (1:2 w/v) shaken continuously for 2 h, on three occasions between late September and early February each winter. Concentrations of nitrate‐N in groundwater from wells inserted vertically to a depth of 1 m were determined throughout both winters. Quantities of mineral N in the soil increased (P < 0·001) with higher N inputs and declined (P < 0·001) with later sampling date. There were no relationships between nitrate‐N concentrations in groundwater and N inputs, N surpluses, deposition of excreta‐N at the soil surface and soil mineral N during both winters. Low losses of nitrate‐N to groundwater were primarily attributed to high rates of denitrification associated with a heavy soil texture, wet anaerobic soil conditions, relatively high organic carbon contents throughout the soil profile and mild soil temperatures throughout the year. Uptake of N by herbage made an important contribution to low N losses over the winter.     

希拉穆仁草原植被和土壤对人为干扰的响应

[目的]为科学地利用和保护有限的草地资源提供参考依据。[方法]从植被和土壤2方面研究3种人为干扰:3年围栏封育(围封)、自由放牧(放牧)和草原旅游(旅游)对希拉穆仁草原的影响。[结果]3种不同类型区内植被总盖度、植物种数、平均高度、地上生物量均为围封区>放牧区>旅游区,围封区各指标分别高于放牧区29.2%、43.8%、41.4%、28.7%,高于旅游区70.7%、64.3%、152.3%、84.2%;土壤表层养分受干扰影响明显,围封区各养分指标高于放牧区和旅游区,各区土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加有减小趋势;不同干扰条件下,植被盖度、物种数、平均高度、地上生物量与土壤理化性质指标分布均呈现出一致的正相关关系。[结论]放牧和旅游活动加速了草原植被和土壤的退化,围栏封育措施使草原植被和土壤得到了明显的恢复。     

柠条的更新生态位及其与荒漠植被恢复的关系

更新生态位是一个新的成熟植物个体成功地代替另一个成熟个体所要求的可能生态位,其生活史早期阶段的一系列特点可以作为其更新生态位。对蝶形花科(Papilionaceae),锦鸡儿属(Caragana)落叶灌木柠条(Caraganaspp.)的种子萌发、幼苗生长、土壤种子库和营养繁殖等更新生态位特征及其与荒漠植被恢复的关系进行了综述,旨在为柠条的繁殖生物学和恢复生态学研究提供更新生态位方面的理论依据。     

三江源地区不同退化草地群落特征分析

[目的]为三江源地区的生态保护和建设提供实践参考。[方法]测定三江源地区高寒草甸、高寒草原2种草地类型,不同退化草地的群落特征,分析生态环境保护所面临的形势与问题。[结果]随着草地退化程度的加大,群落地上植物量和物种丰富度在各级草地内变化不明显,但优良牧草比例明显呈下降趋势,毒杂草比例明显上升,草地质量指数明显下降,甚至成为负值,草地的利用价值趋于0。[结论]保护三江源地区生态环境具有重要的生态意义。     

川西北高寒草地潜在生态草种营养成分的比较研究

对四川西北部高寒草甸草地的5种潜在生态草种不同生育期的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明,各草种不同生育期的粗水分、干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分等含量不同.其中赖草的干物质、蛋白质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物和粗灰分含量显著高于川草Ⅰ号、川草Ⅱ号、垂穗鹅冠草和硬杆仲冰草等4种草.5种草不同生育期营养成分的分析结果表明,各草种分蘖期和孕穗期的粗水分、粗灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪以及钙、磷含量明显高于结实期,而粗纤维、干物质和除赖草外的无氮浸出物含量则相反.表明在利用这些草种的过程中应抓好分蘖期的管理工作,以达到充分利用其饲用价值的目的.     

Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert, China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.