Interactions of slope and canopy of herbage of three herbage species on transport of faecal indicator bacteria by rain splash

The movement of faecal pathogens from land to surface and ground‐water are of great interest because of the public and livestock health implications. Knowledge of canopy structure and how it might be managed to help mitigate nutrient and pathogen movement in pasture is needed to create management practices that balance livestock production with environmental benefits. An experiment was conducted using a rainfall‐simulating device to test whether canopy structure of species common to pastures in Appalachia, USA could be managed to influence dispersion of faecal pathogens. Seven pots (30‐cm diameter) of white clover, orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass were lined up on horizontal and sloping surfaces under a rainfall simulator. The centre pot was inoculated at the soil surface with 4 × 10¹⁰ faecal coliform bacteria (FC) just before rainfall simulation started. The species were maintained under short, moderate and tall canopy management treatments. White clover exhibited the greatest rates of lateral and vertical dispersion of FC into the canopy, especially in the short canopy management treatment following 30 min of rainfall (about 40 mm). Low concentrations of faecal coliform bacteria also dispersed into the canopies of the grass species but the differences in concentration of FC between the grass species were not different. When the proportion of white clover in a pasture is high, the canopy should be relatively taller to reduce the likelihood of infection associated with faecal coliform‐contaminated herbage.     

Straw management, crop rotation, and nitrogen source effect on wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency

Nitrogen fertilizer management from different sources and annual crop rotations are important components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems, especially where air and soil quality issues have prompted a search for alternatives to wheat straw burning. This study examined the effects of two different wheat straw management options (burning and incorporation by tillage), three crop rotations [wheat-sesbania (Sesbania spp.), wheat–maize (Zea mays L.), and wheat-clean fallow] and three N sources (urea, chicken manure, and urea plus chicken manure) on wheat grain yield and N use efficiency. The experiment was conducted as split–split plot treatment arrangement with three replications for eight wheat cropping seasons in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Results indicated that both wheat grain yield and N use efficiency were higher with burning than incorporation of wheat straw and with fertilization with urea or urea plus chicken manure than chicken manure alone. As shown by the crop rotation-by-straw management interaction, planting sesbania following incorporation of the straw by tillage produced comparable grain yields to straw burning treatment. In contrast, wheat in annual rotation with maize produced the lowest wheat grain yield and N use efficiency irrespective of the wheat straw management and N source applied.     

9种嗜热菌处理猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响

研究了不同的外源菌剂处理过的猪粪堆肥对植物生长的影响,首先从北京周边地区的养殖场猪粪、垃圾场中筛选出了9株高效降解有机物的嗜热菌,将其扩大培养,分别接种到猪粪中,堆肥发酵。经发酵完全后。作基肥对一串红进行种植试验,观察其对一串红生长的影响。从株高、叶量、冠幅、根长、叶绿素含量等方面进行了观测,通过主成分分析方法,计算出了一串红生长的形态和生理两个主要指标,继而通过此指标来检测了这9种猪粪堆肥对一串红生长的影响。结果表明：接种外源菌种处理的猪粪堆肥对在形态方面对一串红生长有较好的影响。其中GX-3菌种在堆肥过程中有利于腐殖酸的形成,从而促进了一串红的形态生长。     

牛旁检测诊断产后初期奶牛亚临床酮病研究

 酮病是奶牛的一种重要的营养代谢病。采用酮粉法、尿液分析试纸条、乳汁分析试纸条、试剂盒法分别对乳酮、尿酮和血酮含量进行检测,以血清β-羟丁酸含量1200μmol/L作为健康奶牛和亚临床酮病奶牛的诊断标准。乳汁检测试纸条和尿液分析试纸条的诊断标准分别为200μmol/L和15mg/dl（1470μmol/L）。酮病牛血清β-羟丁酸和葡萄糖的浓度分别为726±43μmol/L、3.42±0.05mmol/L,健康牛血清β-羟丁酸和葡萄糖的浓度分别为2563±238μmol/L、2.78±0.07mmol/L,差异显著（P<0.05）。乳汁分析试纸条的敏感性和特异性分别为67%和92%,尿液分析试纸条的敏感性和特异性分别为57%和85%,酮粉的敏感性和特异性的敏感性和特异性分别为60%和94%。使用乳汁分析试纸条牛旁检测是一种有效的奶牛亚临床酮病诊断方法。     

Quantities of mineral N in soil and concentrations of nitrate‐N in groundwater in four grassland‐based systems of dairy production on a clay‐loam soil in a moist temperate climate

This study examined the quantity of mineral N in soil and nitrate‐N losses to groundwater from grassland‐based dairy production in 2001 and 2002. There were four treatments with different inputs of N, through fertilizers, concentrates and biological fixation, and four associated stocking densities. Nitrogen inputs were 205, 230, 300 and 400 kg ha^?1, respectively, and annual stocking densities were 1·75, 2·10, 2·50 and 2·50 cows ha^?1. There were 18 cows per treatment. Grazed herbage accounted for 0·64, grass‐silage for 0·26 and concentrates 0·10 of annual DM consumed by the cows. Quantities of mineral N (nitrate‐N and ammonium‐N) in soil were measured, following extraction in 2 M KCl (1:2 w/v) shaken continuously for 2 h, on three occasions between late September and early February each winter. Concentrations of nitrate‐N in groundwater from wells inserted vertically to a depth of 1 m were determined throughout both winters. Quantities of mineral N in the soil increased (P < 0·001) with higher N inputs and declined (P < 0·001) with later sampling date. There were no relationships between nitrate‐N concentrations in groundwater and N inputs, N surpluses, deposition of excreta‐N at the soil surface and soil mineral N during both winters. Low losses of nitrate‐N to groundwater were primarily attributed to high rates of denitrification associated with a heavy soil texture, wet anaerobic soil conditions, relatively high organic carbon contents throughout the soil profile and mild soil temperatures throughout the year. Uptake of N by herbage made an important contribution to low N losses over the winter.     

乳品科学与技术课程建设的基本内容

针对乳品科学与技术精品课建设的主要问题,从课程特色、教学方法和手段、网络教学环境等方面,综述课程建设的基本内容,探讨了课程改革的方法和途径。     

Agronomic and Economic Efficiency of Manure and Urea Fertilizers Use on Vertisols in Ethiopian Highlands

Soil fertility depletion is among the major impediments to sustained agricultural productivity especially in the less developed countries because of limited application of fertilizers. Soil fertility maintenance requires a balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources. This study was conducted on a Vertisol in Ethiopia to determine the optimum farm yard manure （M） and nitrogen （N） application rates for maximum return under cereal-pulse-cereal rotation system. The main and interaction effects of M and N significantly affected biomass, grain and straw yields of wheat （Triticum durum） and tef （Eragrostis tear）, but the residual effect on chickpea （Cicer arietinum） was not significant. Application of 6 t M ha^-1 and 30 kg N ha^-1, gave the largest grain yield of both crops but a comparable result was obtained due to 3 t M ha^-1 and 30 kg N ha^-1. The economic analysis revealed that 6.85 t M ha^-1 and 44 kg N ha^-1 for wheat, and 4.53 t M ha^-1 and 37 kg N ha^-1 for tef were the economic optimum rates. The additional benefit obtained due to these rates was about 450 USD ha^-1. Therefore, application of the economic optimum combination of both organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen is recommended for use on cereals in the cereal-legume-cereal rotation system.     

稻田处理养殖场粪便的氮磷动态效应与污染风险研究

对盆栽水稻施以不同水平的猪粪和牛粪两种有机肥料.结合其本身对氮磷的吸收利用状况及养分在土壤和水体环境下的分解释放规律,研究了水稻对有机粪肥的消纳吸收能力.结果表明,水稻可以有效地处理猪粪和牛粪;综合生态效益与经济效益,在处理猪粪时,P5水平(猪粪处理量120000 kg·hm-2,折合纯氮量1 103.52 kg·hm-2)下的处理效果最好,处理牛粪时,C6水平(牛粪处理量300000 kg·hm-2,折合纯氮量3 224.5 kg·hm-2)下的处理效果最好,施肥量低于此的植株生长缓慢,高于此则植株的增产效应不明显,并且容易出现受害症状,而有机肥对环境的二次污染风险会加大.     

畜禽粪便堆肥腐熟度评价指标体系研究

以牛粪和猪粪两种畜禽粪便分别与秸秆混合堆肥.全面考察了堆肥过程中与腐熟度有关的理化指标和生物指标变化.结果表明.在3个月的堆肥熟化试验考察期内,堆肥初期堆体升温迅速,50℃上高温持续时间累计超过15 d;物料pH值先升后降,60d后稳定在8.0左右;含水率和C/N持续下降,C/N 60 d后接近20;氨氮含量呈先升后降趋势,胡敏酸和富里酸比值则先降后升;Solvita腐熟等级、种子发芽势和根系建成指标不断升高,而作物生长指标则无显著变化.由腐熟度指标相关性分析表明,最能体现堆肥腐熟程度的Solvita腐熟等级与C/N、种子发芽势、根系建成指标呈高度相关,与含水率和腐殖酸呈低度相关.据此,结合常规温度指标建立了堆肥腐熟度评价指标体系.用于科学指导农牧业废弃物堆肥质量控制.     

黑白花奶牛静脉血血气分析

用IL 130 2型血气分析仪对 2 1头黑白花奶牛的静脉血血样进行血气分析。结果 :pH7 35± 0 0 3,Pco2 4 .82± 0 52kPa ,Po2 3 79± 0 57kPa ,O2 S % 50 6 1± 10 .0 8,HCO3- 2 0 12±2 .71mmol/L ,Tco2 2 1 18± 2 81mmol/L ,BE 5.0 2± 2 45mmol/L ,SBE 6 .14± 2 .82mmol/L ,SBC2 0 2 2± 2 0 5mmol/L