林地水土保持功能持续提高的机制及对策

通过对不同林地水土保持功能分析得出,其发展过程可分为成长期、成熟期和减退期,并定义成熟期为可持续发展期。分析了影响水土保持功能持续提高的环境分配系数r和环境利用系数k,认为r是林地中光、水、肥分配的参数,k为光、水、肥利用的参数。林地水土保持功能的持续提高,应通过调整r和k,即调控林地的树种组成、林分层次和林分密度,形成合理的林分结构,保持成熟期的持续发展。并在此基础上提出了林地水土保持功能持续提高的相应对策。     

温度和湿度对土壤中噁唑酰草胺降解的影响

噁唑酰草胺是一种芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂,近年来在我国使用面积快速上升。本文建立了土壤中噁唑酰草胺的快速灵敏检测方法,测定了土壤温度和湿度对土壤中噁唑酰草胺降解的影响。研究结果表明建立的土壤中噁唑酰草胺的高效液相色谱检测方法,最低定量限(LOQ)为4.00×10~(-3)μg/kg,最低检测限LOD为1.20×10~(-3)μg/kg。土壤温度为5、15、25和35℃时,土壤中10 mg/kg的噁唑酰草胺半衰期分别为16.8、9.9、3.5和0.9 d;土壤湿度为40%和80%时,土壤中噁唑酰草胺的半衰期分别为3.6和4.3 d。与土壤湿度相比,土壤温度对土壤中噁唑酰草胺降解的影响更大。     

兴山县优质烟叶产区植烟土壤养分动态状况分析

2010年在兴山全县选取1 995个植烟土壤样品进行分析,并与2000年土壤测定结果进行对比,研究兴山县优质烟叶产区(烟区)植烟土壤养分动态变化情况。结果表明,全区土壤有机质含量有所上升,但呈现两级分化趋势,土壤中全氮和碱解氮含量下降,土壤中全磷处于中偏低状态,全烟区普遍缺硼;兴山县烟区应根据"持续控氮、适度增磷,全面补硼"的原则进行施肥调整。     

Optimum Soil Water Content for Chickpea Emergence in Heavy‐Textured Soils of North‐West Bangladesh

Sowing of chickpea in the heavy‐textured soils of north‐west Bangladesh with minimum tillage technology aims to increase the timely planting of large areas during a relatively short sowing window before soil water deficit limits germination and emergence. However, the seedbed conditions into which chickpea is sown need to be better quantified, so that limiting factors which affect germination and emergence can be identified. Two of the soil physical characteristics of importance are soil water and aeration. Growth cabinet studies have identified the fastest germination and emergence of chickpea on representative soils for this area at gravimetric water contents of 17–18 %, whilst soil water contents above and below this delayed germination and emergence. Emergence was recorded at soil water potentials between field capacity (?10 kPa) and wilting point (?1500 kPa). Emergence was possible at lower soil water potentials in the finer textured soil, whilst in coarser textured soil, emergence was still possible at higher soil water potentials.     

A review of visual soil evaluation techniques for soil structure

Soil structure forms a key component of soil quality, and its assessment by semi‐quantitative visual soil evaluation (VSE) techniques can help scientists, advisors and farmers make decisions regarding sampling and soil management. VSE techniques require inexpensive equipment and generate immediate results that correlate well with quantitative measurements of physical and biochemical properties, highlighting their potential utility. We reviewed published VSE techniques and found that soils of certain textures present problems and a lack of research into the influence of soil moisture content on VSE criteria. Generally, profile methods evaluate process interactions at specific locations within a field, exploring both intrinsic aspects and anthropogenic impacts. Spade methods focus on anthropogenic characteristics, providing rapid synopses of soil structure over wider areas. Despite a focus on structural form, some methods include criteria related to stability and resiliency. Further work is needed to improve existing methods regarding texture influences, on‐farm sampling procedures and more holistic assessments of soil structure.     

Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil

The work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO₂ flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require ¹³C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO₂‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO₂‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.     

Enhancing pedotransfer functions with environmental data for estimating bulk density and effective cation exchange capacity in a data‐sparse situation

Soil bulk density (BD) and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) are among the most important soil properties required for crop growth and environmental management. This study aimed to explore the combination of soil and environmental data in developing pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for BD and ECEC. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest model (RFM) were employed in developing PTFs using three different data sets: soil data (PTF‐1), environmental data (PTF‐2) and the combination of soil and environmental data (PTF‐3). In developing the PTFs, three depth increments were also considered: all depth, topsoil (<0.40 m) and subsoil (>0.40 m). Results showed that PTF‐3 (R²; 0.29–0.69) outperformed both PTF‐1 (R²; 0.11–0.18) and PTF‐2 (R²; 0.22–0.59) in BD estimation. However, for ECEC estimation, PTF‐3 (R²; 0.61–0.86) performed comparably as PTF‐1 (R²; 0.58–0.76) with both PTFs out‐performing PTF‐2 (R²; 0.30–0.71). Also, grouping of data into different soil depth increments improves the estimation of BD with PTFs (especially PTF‐2 and PTF‐3) performing better at subsoils than topsoils. Generally, the most important predictors of BD are sand, silt, elevation, rainfall, temperature for estimation at topsoil while EVI, elevation, temperature and clay are the most important BD predictors in the subsoil. Also, clay, sand, pH, rainfall and SOC are the most important predictors of ECEC in the topsoil while pH, sand, clay, temperature and rainfall are the most important predictors of ECEC in the subsoil. Findings are important for overcoming the challenges of building national soil databases for large‐scale modelling in most data‐sparse countries, especially in the sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).     

新型水土流失监测装置及其应用

测钎法是一种应用广泛的水土流失监测方法,但是传统测钎法难以适应复杂监测地形,缺乏专门测读装置,还会产生较大监测误差,需要对其加以改进.以颐和园万寿山山体为研究对象,针对其山体特征和文物分布状况,选定18块监测场地,发明单钎多点式测读装置,选用改进的测钎法对水土流失进行监测.结果表明:1)18块监测场地考虑了土壤、坡度、植被等因素的差异,可以全面反映万寿山水土流失状况;2)单钎多点式测读装置有效降低了测钎埋点环境条件、测读方式等客观和主观误差,提高了测钎法水土流失监测结果的准确性;3)监测期间,万寿山平均土壤流失值在-3 mm～ +1 mm范围内.说明新型水土流失监测装置是可行的,所用水土流失监测方法和数据处理方法,可供其他类似工程借鉴与应用.     

Nutrient availability and corn growth in a poultry litter biochar‐amended loam soil in a greenhouse experiment

Nutrient‐rich biochar produced from animal wastes, such as poultry litter, may increase plant growth and nutrient uptake although the role of direct and indirect mechanisms, such as stimulation of the activity of mycorrhizal fungi and plant infection, remains unclear. The effects of poultry litter biochar in combination with fertilizer on mycorrhizal infection, soil nutrient availability and corn (Zea mays L.) growth were investigated by growing corn in a loam soil in a greenhouse with biochar (0, 5 and 10 Mg/ha) and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (0, half and full rates). Biochar did not affect microbial biomass C or N, mycorrhizal infection, or alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities, but acid phosphomonoesterase activities, water‐soluble P, Mehlich‐3 Mg, plant height, aboveground and root biomass, and root diameter were greater with 10 Mg/ha than with no biochar. Root length, volume, root tips and surface area were greatest in the fully fertilized soil receiving 10 Mg/ha biochar compared to all other treatments. The 10 Mg/ha biochar application may have improved plant access to soil nutrients by promoting plant growth and root structural features, rather than by enhancing mycorrhizal infection rates.     

丘陵红黄壤区施用399对“一种两收”再生稻根系和产量的影响

[目的]研究399对"一种两收"再生稻的影响。[方法]以适宜丘陵红黄壤种植的丰两优香1号、准两优527、宜优673再生稻品种为材料,分别设置喷施399和不喷施399(CK)2种处理,研究各处理对再生稻根系和产量的影响。[结果]结果表明:施用399使水稻在生育期上延缓成熟,且施后再生稻的总根系数量、白根数量、根鲜重、根干重、根体积大幅度增加,同时在两季总产量上准两优527、丰两优香1号和宜优673品种分别比对照增产6.39%、4.86%、5.94%。[结论]施用399有利于准两优527、丰两优香1号和宜优673再生稻品种再生根的发生。