Effects of barefoot trimming on hoof morphology

Objective To monitor changes in hoof morphology in response to barefoot trimming. Methods Seven horses were trimmed every 6 weeks according to barefoot trimming principles, which involved levelling the hoof to live sole, lowering the heels, bevelling the toe and rounding the peripheral wall, while leaving the sole, frog and bars intact. A 4‐month period was allowed to lower the heels sufficiently to achieve a hoof shape representative of the barefoot trim. This was regarded as the starting point for morphological adaptations in response to maintenance of the trim. Hoof morphology was measured from lateral, dorsal and solar view photographs and lateromedial radiographs taken at 0, 4 and 16 months. Changes from 0 to 4 months represented differences between a natural hoof shape and the trim, while changes from 4 to 16 months represented adaptive effects during hoof growth. Results Establishment of the barefoot trim involved significant shortening of the toe, heel and medial and lateral walls, with increases in angulation at the toe, medial and lateral walls, but not at the heel. Maintenance of the trim resulted in a palmar/plantar migration of the heels, with increases in support length, heel angle and solar angle of the distal phalanx (P3). Conclusions Bevelling the toe and engaging the frog and bars in the weight‐bearing function of the foot resulted in elevation of the heel angle and solar angle of P3. These changes may be beneficial in treating under‐run heels and negative solar plane angulation of P3.     

Horizontal moment around the hoof's centre of pressure during walking in a straight line

Reasons for performing study: Joint congruity and ligaments restrain the distal limb joints from excessive motion in the transverse and frontal planes, but the magnitudes and direction of the horizontal twisting moments around the hoof's centre of pressure (CoP) that induce these motions are unknown. Objectives: To quantify the horizontal moment around the vertical axis through the hoof's CoP at walk, and to determine whether these are symmetric. Methods: Nine sound Thoroughbred horses (mean age 5.3 years; mean mass 502 kg) were led at walk in a straight line across a Kistler force platform. Five trials were collected for each fore and hindlimb. The resultant moment around the hoof's CoP was calculated from the horizontal moment arms between the calculated CoP and the 4 horizontal forces in the transverse (X) and cranio‐caudal (Y) directions. Results: The calculated moments were consistent within limbs and horses, but variable between horses. Hindlimbs demonstrated a biphasic moment pattern and the largest moments were typically in the first half of stance. Mean ± s.d. peak moments were internal under both hindlimbs (L: Int 14.1 ± 4.6 Nm; R: Int 13.3 ± 5.5 Nm). In the forelimbs, 7/9 horses demonstrated an asymmetric moment pattern, with the left forelimb exerting an internal moment (L: Int 6.9 ± 2.9 Nm) and the right forelimb an external moment (R: Ext 8.4 ± 4.4 Nm), while the remaining 2 horses exerted internal moments in both forelimbs (L: Int 11.7 ± 1.4 Nm; R: Int 6.6 ± 1.9 Nm). Conclusion: In 7/9 horses, the forelimbs exerted asymmetric horizontal moments around the hoof CoP. The hindlimbs appear to behave with mechanical symmetry during stance, exerting an internal moment during retraction. Potential relevance: Extrasagittal joint motions in the forelimb are unlikely to be symmetric and future studies should account for possible bilateral variations.     

跆拳道360°前旋踢动作的生物力学分析

为了提高跆拳道男子选手前旋踢动作的得分能力,而实施的对于优秀选手和非优秀选手在前旋踢动作时的人体力学比较分析。为此,通过对动作的所用时间、身体分段角度、身体重心的变位和速度、脚的脚尖速度、躯干的扭转角度、上身的前后倾斜角度、地面反力、肌电图等的变因分析,不但预防了较量选手和指导者的伤害,而且也提出了通过被定量化的腿法动作而提高更有效率的得分方法。     

荞麦籽粒生物力学性质及内芯黏弹性试验研究

针对可供相关作业机械设计参考的荞麦籽粒生物力学性质指标可用参数缺乏的现状,该文研究了优种荞麦籽粒的常规力学性质及芯粉黏弹性力学性质,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。试验测定了不同品种荞麦籽粒在不同含水率下的三轴尺寸、千粒质量、容重等基本物性参数,采用斜面仪、休止角测定装置测定了荞麦籽粒的滑动摩擦系数及休止角,应用DMA(Q800)动态力学性能分析仪测定了荞麦(粉状)的动态黏弹性,运用物性分析仪测定了荞麦籽粒的破坏力、破坏能等力学性质,利用摆锤式动载试验机测定了荞麦籽粒所能承受的最大撞击载荷。结果表明:同一品种荞麦籽粒的长、宽、高、千粒质量、几何平均径均随含水率的降低而减小,容重随着含水率的降低而增大;摩擦系数随含水率的降低而减小,籽粒与Q235钢板的摩擦系数最大,与7075铝合金板的次之,与304不锈钢板的最小;休止角随含水率的降低而减小;随着含水率的降低,破坏力、表观弹性模量和最大接触应力逐渐增大,变形量逐渐减小,破坏能呈上升趋势。而在相同含水率下,不同品种荞麦籽粒的物性参数及上述力学特性参数均呈现极显著差异(P0.0001)。荞麦粉末的储能模量随含水率的降低而增大,弹性性能提高,损耗模量和损耗正切随含水率的降低而减小,黏性性能降低。同一品种荞麦在相同含水率下,撞击载荷越大,破碎率越高;同一撞击载荷下,随着含水率的降低,籽粒的破碎率先减小后增大。研究结果可为荞麦收获及加工装备研制、参数优化提供基础依据。     

Senile coconut palms: Functional design and biomechanics of stem green tissue

This study aims at determining the biomechanical behaviour and functional design, at integral level of hierarchical structure, of senile coconut palms (greater than 80 years old). To achieve the objectives, 46 stress/strength analyses were performed on characteristic coconut palm stem green tissues (referred to as cocowood herein) by means of three dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). To estimate the material damage produced when the stresses rose beyond the material strength, the Tsai-Hill failure criterion was used; the progressive material failure was predicted and mapped for seven wind speeds of different categories. Parametric analyses were performed to further analyse the influence of fibrovascular bundle orientations and density distribution on the cocowood stem functional design. The research outcomes showed an optimum orientation of characteristic fibrovascular bundles and an improved cocowood structure in terms of mechanical efficiency and capacity to resist high wind loadings. The analyses allowed for a better understanding of the cocowood biomechanics and functional design, especially the significance of its structural-mechanical advantage over other palm species and trees. As no similar research on the cocowood biomechanics using FEA had been conducted before, the knowledge advanced from the current study has far-reaching implications for enhancing wood materials from a biomimetic perspective.     

油锯伐木作业时人体腰椎受力变化与有限元分析

利用横断面的CT数据建立具有高度几何材料相似性的用油锯伐木作业时伐木工腰椎节段L4-L5的三维有限元模型,分析伐木作业时伐木工弯腰和直立状态椎体、椎间盘和小关节的受力变化.通过本研究建立的L4-L5腰椎模型进行有限元分析,结果发现:伐木工伐木作业前屈时,椎间盘所受应力主要集中在外层纤维的中后部,在后部更为明显;椎体应力值高于其下方髓核应力值,邻近椎体终板应力明显高于其他部位,应力分布在皮质骨椎弓周围及邻近终板的地方,椎体后部结构应力集中在小关节上下关节突与椎弓根等位置;伐木工处于中立位时,椎间盘所受应力主要集中在纤维环后外侧;最大应力产生的部位有椎体松质骨临近终板的中央部位、椎体前方及前下方,这恰好是楔形压缩性骨折的好发部位,上下关节突亦受压.     

对决定标枪飞行远度相关因素的探析

在调查访问的基础上,运用文献资料法获取研究必须的各类参数和数据,用计算机模拟的方法,建立标枪运动的微分方程,通过定量、定性分析对决定标枪飞行远度的重要因素进行研究,使运动员和教练员可以全面、准确了解各因素对成绩影响以及它们之间的相互关系,从而对运动训练起到指导作用。