Evaluation of Spent Bleaching Clay from Palm Oil Refining as an Ingredient for Diets of Red Hybrid Tilapia,Oreochromis sp.

Abstract

A feeding trial was conducted to determine whether spent bleaching clay (SBC) from palm oil refining could be used as a diet ingredient in the diets of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp. Five practical diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% SBC were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of hybrid tilapia fingerlings (mean initial weight of 3.9±0.1 g) for 8 weeks. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (31% crude protein) and isolipidic (13% crude lipid). There was a trend of improved pellet stability in water as the level of SBC in the diet was increased. Growth and feed utilization efficiency of hybrid tilapia fed up to 40% SBC was mostly not significantly different (P > 0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet without any SBC. Survival, bone ash, hepatosomatic index and hematocrits of hybrid tilapia were also not affected by dietary treatments. Whole-body lipid content increased and body moisture decreased significantly with increasing dietary SBC. It was concluded that SBC from palm oil refining is a potential diet additive in tilapia diets offering a cheap source of dietary lipid (and energy), imparting pellet stability in water and possibly acting as a mycotoxin absorber.     

冻融作用对膨润土防渗毯防渗特性的影响

为研究膨润土防渗毯(Geosynthetic Clay Liner)在寒旱区渠道衬砌应用中的防渗性能,该文采用室内模拟方法对3种膨润土防渗毯(分别为韩国、中国生产,编号为1#、2#、3#)的抗冻特性进行了研究,结果表明:采用黄河水水化31次冻融后,1#、2#、3#膨润土防渗毯自由膨胀体积增加了16.7%、4.5%、8.0%,滤失量降低了31.1%、28.9%、27.0%,屈服值增加了200.0%、23.3%、90.6%。31次冻融循环后滤出液EC值分别降低27.3%、27.0%、31.0%,渗透系数均增加了1个数量级,但渗透系数仍较小,仅为渠床土壤渗透系数的0.35%～0.72%;研究表明,膨润土防渗毯可用于西北干旱盐渍化地区渠道衬砌。     

三氯化铁改性有机膨润土包膜材料对六价铬的动态吸附

采用柱吸附方法研究三氯化铁改性有机膨润土的包膜材料对六价铬动态吸附,探究改性有机膨润土工程应用的可行性.改性有机膨润土粒径小,直接填充到吸附柱会增大压力损失,本试验以三氯化铁改性有机膨润土分别包膜活性炭和4A分子筛制成两种包膜材料,把包膜材料填充到吸附柱进行动态吸附、脱附和再生,收集并测定不同时刻流出液的六价铬浓度.结果表明,三氯化铁改性的有机膨润土可显著提高其对六价铬的吸附能力;两种包膜材料均可降低被吸附溶液在吸附柱内流通阻力,使动态吸附能够顺利进行;动态吸附过程符合修正的Thomas吸附模型;包膜材料很容易脱附再生,脱附再生后包膜材料吸附能力升高;包膜活性炭对六价铬吸附能力高于包膜4A分子筛.     

有机改性膨润土和凹凸棒石对氯磺隆吸附的影响

以膨润土和凹凸棒石为原料,用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对膨润土和凹凸棒石进行改性,分别制备矿物阳离子交换量/十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(n/n)=1∶1和1∶0.5的有机改性矿物。采用室内批量法研究矿物及其改性产物对氯磺隆的吸附效果,探讨pH值和温度对供试矿物吸附氯磺隆的影响,并采用FTIR对矿物结构进行表征。结果表明:矿物改性后,有机改性矿物对氯磺隆的吸附能力较原矿物明显增强;1∶1型改性矿物的吸附能力大于1∶0.5型改性矿物;膨润土及其改性矿物对氯磺隆的吸附能力大于相应的凹凸棒石。供试样品吸附氯磺隆的量均随溶液的pH值升高而逐渐减小,随温度升高而增加。     

膨润土对轻度镉污染土壤钝化修复效应研究

通过盆栽和大田小区试验,研究了膨润土对Cd污染土壤修复效应。结果表明,盆栽和大田条件下施用膨润土后土壤Cd交换态含量分别较对照降低了41.3%~86.1%和7.9%~24.6%,铁锰氧化物结合态(OX)和残渣态(RES)Cd含量则有所上升。水稻各部分Cd含量总体上随膨润土投加量的增加而降低,与对照相比,盆栽条件下根、茎、叶、糙米中Cd含量最大降幅分别达到46.0%、49.8%、54.2%和71.8%,大田小区条件下水稻各部分Cd含量最大降幅分别达到35.3%、48.8%、36.0%和40.9%。投加不同浓度膨润土后,水稻幼苗叶片SOD酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量在一定程度上有所促进,而POD酶活性和MDA含量则表现为明显的抑制效应(P0.05)。在盆栽和大田实验中,施用膨润土显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05),与之相反,在盆栽实验中,土壤Cd蔗糖酶活性较对照处理显著降低(P0.05),降幅达44.3%~52.3%,而大田条件下各处理间差异不显著(P0.05);脲酶活性随膨润土施加量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。     

利用粘粒矿物修复重金属污染农业土壤研究进展

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses risks and hazards to humans.The remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils has become a hot topic in environmental science and engineering.In this review,the application of clay minerals for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils is summarized,in terms of their remediation effects and mechanisms,influencing factors,and future focus.Typical clay minerals,natural sepiolite,palygorskite,and bentonite,have been widely utilized for the in-situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils,especially Cd-polluted paddy soils and wastewater-irrigated farmland soils.Clay minerals are able to increase soil pH,decrease the chemical-extractable fractions and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils,and reduce the heavy metal contents in edible parts of plants.The immobilization effects have been confirmed in field-scale demonstrations and pot trials.Clay minerals can improve the environmental quality of soils and alleviate the hazards of heavy metals to plants.As main factors affecting the immobilization effects,the pH and water condition of soils have drawn academic attention.The remediation mechanisms mainly include liming,precipitation,and sorption effects.However,the molecular mechanisms of microscopic immobilization are unclear.Future studies should focus on the long-term stability and improvement of clay minerals in order to obtain a better remediation effect.     

膨润土和沸石在镉污染土壤治理中的应用

采用通过盆栽试验,研究了膨润土和沸石对镉污染土壤的治理效果。结果表明,施加膨润土后不同污染程度土壤的交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的质量分数都有所下降,铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态镉的质量分数则有所上升。沸石和膨润土对轻度、中度镉污染土壤都表现出钝化作用,对重度镉污染土壤,膨润土对镉的钝化效果明显,而沸石却起到了激活镉的作用。在不同程度镉污染土壤上,膨润土可增加乌塌菜的生物量,并可抑制其对镉的吸收,降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,对乌塌菜的生长具有显著的促进作用。沸石对轻度和中度镉污染土壤均可降低乌塌菜植株体内镉的浓度,促进乌塌菜的生长并增加其生物量;对重度镉污染土壤,沸石对乌塌菜的生长影响较小,乌塌菜植株体内镉的积累显著增加。     

防渗用膨润土的抗冻特性

为研究防渗用膨润土在寒旱区的适用性,对不同产地的3种膨润土的抗冻特性进行了研究。结果表明：水化液为黄河水31次冻融后,膨润土自由膨胀体积增加了32.8%,溶液电导率（EC）均值增加了27.7%,切应力增加了40.6%,滤出液累积量降低了23.5%,滤失量降低了23.4%,滤饼厚度降低了15.4%。方差分析可知,冻融循环对膨润土自由膨胀体积、溶液EC值、切应力、滤出液累积量均有极显著影响(F＞F_0.01)。冻融后膨润土微观结构参数变化范围为86.02 ~372.12 μm,孔隙以板状及不规则孔隙为主,形态指标F值在0.12~0.40,孔隙表面分维在1.18~1.21。     

日粮中膨润土的使用对肉鸭生产性能的影响

本试验选用600只花边肉鸭随机分为5组,每处理3重复,分别饲喂同一基础的用1%、2%、3%、4%、5%钙基膨润土稀释的日粮。7d的试验结果表明:随膨润土用量增加肉鸭增重、采食量和耗料/增重(FCR)呈精确的四次曲线变化,R2=1;膨润土用量超过2%肉鸭增重有轻微下降(P≥0.44),采食量显著上升(P<0.05);膨润土用量2%～5%处理比1%处理FCR上升4.5%～5.7%。以FCR和单位增重成本为指标,膨润土的最适添加水平为1%。     

两性修饰磁性膨润土的表征及其对苯酚的吸附

采用共沉淀负载Fe_3O_4法制备了磁性膨润土,并以两性修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)对其进行两性有机修饰,在对样品进行分析表征的基础上,采用批处理法研究了BS-12修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附特征。结果表明,磁性膨润土及两性修饰磁性膨润土磁性良好并利于回收;膨润土负载Fe_3O_4后比表面积增加,两性修饰磁性膨润土的比表面积和孔容随BS-12修饰比例的增大而减小,粒径随修饰比例的增大而增大;BS-12修饰增大了磁性膨润土的C、N含量,在磁性膨润土上形成有机相。两性修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附量,随BS-12修饰比例和离子强度的增大而增加,随pH和温度的升高而减少。Henry模型适用于描述两性修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附,吸附以分配机制为主。